tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88518057335185009642024-03-13T19:48:28.109+05:30Vishwaguru IndiaSpirituality - Knowledge - Culture
Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.comBlogger76125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-20256273834637031092023-09-16T22:01:00.002+05:302023-09-17T12:09:50.356+05:30World's Oldest The Mundeshwari Devi Temple<h1 style="text-align: left;"> World's Oldest Living Temple The Mundeshwari Devi Temple</h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLEESOn1cBaqAVKEi2JDSNlLGdKEK7ZBw3J5lx-ftgmT5kxEKVcnh-9sRk362AYOEuj5-q6Dc7VJnrLQVo1L7UpEdoQBBf7_VSOjacHh4s23Q9j4_5Gp3ig24ul9zw7Ow4f24pMELyHGqbkuEwphg8aKO3kZa18f_koe2QaZIvcQaefnJMr2pzieSpVw/s997/mund.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="997" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLEESOn1cBaqAVKEi2JDSNlLGdKEK7ZBw3J5lx-ftgmT5kxEKVcnh-9sRk362AYOEuj5-q6Dc7VJnrLQVo1L7UpEdoQBBf7_VSOjacHh4s23Q9j4_5Gp3ig24ul9zw7Ow4f24pMELyHGqbkuEwphg8aKO3kZa18f_koe2QaZIvcQaefnJMr2pzieSpVw/w400-h308/mund.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 62.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Mundeshwari Devi
Temple is located at Kaura in Kaimur District in the state of Bihar. It is an
ancient temple dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva & Shakti and is
considered one of the oldest functional Hindu temples in India. Hindu
inscriptions dated 625 CE were found in the temple. The temple is a protected
monument under ASI since 1915. In 2008 The Bihar State Religious Trust Board
fixed the date to be 108 AD<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The temple is made out
of stone and is constructed in the Nagara style of temple architecture. This
temple is not only the oldest but also the oldest 'active' temple. This means
the temple is have been actively worshipped for the past 1500-2000 years.
Inside, there is a murti of Maa Mundeshvari Devi and Panchmukhi (5 face
Shiva).</span></b><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">At the entrance to the
temple, the door are seen with carved images of Dvarpalas, Ganga, Yamuna.
Many other deities like Ganesha, Surya & Vishnu are also present.</span></b><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The temple is visited
by a large number of pilgrims each year, particularly during the Ramnavmi
& Shivratri festivals</span><span style="color: #002060;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<tr style="height: 77.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 77.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 390.2pt;" valign="top" width="520">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZtJ7Du1X399nNZYHARjerOd-CYjo2l8kjppdgvGAuMiWmyTGzO8_rxh0JEQv0DMTdkPVvF6MCc5Kce-PnIpnTKoXLCmL_9akXgJNwJGLuM3lb7eOJMRDzE41YRDbLFVeGMHXYLkp14sOMaT56kPLceLjCRb-cIuckJ1SlFeeQyISiBWL8k1P9X72QQA/s258/munde.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="195" data-original-width="258" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZtJ7Du1X399nNZYHARjerOd-CYjo2l8kjppdgvGAuMiWmyTGzO8_rxh0JEQv0DMTdkPVvF6MCc5Kce-PnIpnTKoXLCmL_9akXgJNwJGLuM3lb7eOJMRDzE41YRDbLFVeGMHXYLkp14sOMaT56kPLceLjCRb-cIuckJ1SlFeeQyISiBWL8k1P9X72QQA/w400-h302/munde.jpg" width="400" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclp_6-PtjVTavt1ToUqQ_MUdNU9eRGJbyxvB6KjBiYAOb6uQVfEyDnYaEHX-8xoMqlQzTTYIjXEc1RfYmL_0APDddDCpCncOrQDSi7b7SvqrgTiHzdpmPh4JS-UthJhPporCRfEjJlsCHRrgqtbUhT6oVfIfMft8ZUymfkrAgv1OKKYqh-WKUUQQSwQ/s259/munde1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclp_6-PtjVTavt1ToUqQ_MUdNU9eRGJbyxvB6KjBiYAOb6uQVfEyDnYaEHX-8xoMqlQzTTYIjXEc1RfYmL_0APDddDCpCncOrQDSi7b7SvqrgTiHzdpmPh4JS-UthJhPporCRfEjJlsCHRrgqtbUhT6oVfIfMft8ZUymfkrAgv1OKKYqh-WKUUQQSwQ/w400-h300/munde1.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><br /></span><p></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Spirituality</span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bhagvad Gita</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bhagwad Puran</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddhism</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Krishna</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Guru</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">First & Earliest</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Influence of Culture</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Knowledge</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">History</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Past Glories</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Unique India</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chanakya</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Video</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-11845718595833776812023-09-16T21:10:00.002+05:302023-09-17T12:04:34.439+05:30World's Widest Tree Is In India<p> </p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DO46i5PNrFA/X2dgxgItIVI/AAAAAAAAE-4/Z1eTsHrf9uAIpDiestbpOv_NM89YA47WQCLcBGAsYHQ/s588/278.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2196f3; display: inline-block; font-family: trebuchet; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="588" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DO46i5PNrFA/X2dgxgItIVI/AAAAAAAAE-4/Z1eTsHrf9uAIpDiestbpOv_NM89YA47WQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/278.png" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%;" /></a></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><tbody><tr><td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pwe-CpfwYLg/X2dhD835B3I/AAAAAAAAE_I/jg9uPjGTbqIBqaH1miQI3bLOZdQksiIyACLcBGAsYHQ/s588/279.png" style="background: transparent; clear: left; color: #2196f3; display: inline-block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="588" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pwe-CpfwYLg/X2dhD835B3I/AAAAAAAAE_I/jg9uPjGTbqIBqaH1miQI3bLOZdQksiIyACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/279.png" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%;" /></a><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet;"><o:p style="font-size: medium;"> </o:p><span style="font-size: large;">The Great Banyan Tree Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanical Garden near Kolkata.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 6px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is over two hundred and fifty years old and covers about 14,500 square meters of land (3.5 acres) making it the widest tree in the world.</span></span></p><p style="display: inline; margin: 6px 0px 0px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: large;">From a distance, the tree has the appearance of a forest, but what appear to be individual trees are actually aerial roots- around 3,600 of them.</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><span style="color: #757575;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Spirituality</span></b></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Krishna</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Guru</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">History</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Unique India</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: solid #F7CB4D 1.0pt; color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: solid #F7CB4D .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 2.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none;">Video</span></b></a></span><b style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br /></span><p></p>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-47110401817484026562023-09-16T20:58:00.001+05:302023-09-17T12:11:32.843+05:30World's Earliest Quality Steel<p> </p><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">Rust-resistant steel </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">2000 years ago. </span></span></h2><div style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: justify;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue;">Gupta era iron clamps at the foundation base ruins of ancient temples at the Dashavatar temple complex at Dewgarh, Uttar Pradesh. These clamps are rust-resistant! The Dashavatar temple at this site happens to be India's first existing sikhara temple. The site originally had nine temples with a Garuda stand in front of the main temple (Dashavatar temple). Out of these 9 temples at this site, only the main stands tall in ruins. These temples were attacked several times by Islamic invaders including Alauddin Khilji. 8 of the temples were razed to the ground by the plunderers. The iron clamps lay in all the base ruins of destroyed temples.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Western historians including few Indians have distorted the chronology of Indian historical events. So as per distorted historians, Gupta era that lasted for nearly 300 years is projected to be from 3rd to 6th century CE. But according to ‘Puranas’, inscriptions, and several Indian literary historical evidences, Gupta era was during the last 300 years of BCE. As per Vedveer Arya’s book ‘Chronology of Ancient India’, the Gupta era commenced from 335 BCE.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: blue;">So, going by the true historical chronology, the iron clamps date back to over 2000 years. These clamps are under the open sky, bearing all weather conditions including rains. But the clamps never rusted! They are as fresh and original. Wonder how ancient Indians are so gifted! Compare these with today’s iron. Even if they are kept indoors under precautions, they rust!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: blue;"><table border="1" bordercolor="#888" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-spacing: 0px; border-width: 1px;"><tbody><tr><td style="min-width: 60px; padding: 0px;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LOJtjQkrUy4/Xu8IfGFmW7I/AAAAAAAADjc/FV_Kvr50W3g89lpLtBbbEITRB_bwRrsTQCK4BGAsYHg/s608/1.jpg" style="background: transparent; clear: left; color: #2196f3; display: inline-block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="456" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LOJtjQkrUy4/Xu8IfGFmW7I/AAAAAAAADjc/FV_Kvr50W3g89lpLtBbbEITRB_bwRrsTQCK4BGAsYHg/w301-h400/1.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%;" width="301" /></a></td><td style="min-width: 60px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hGoIankyKw0/Xu8If04r8aI/AAAAAAAADjg/3FJxY0jR17A6gFaOLtc55ZbzddaQ3GUJQCK4BGAsYHg/s657/2.jpg" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; display: inline-block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="493" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hGoIankyKw0/Xu8If04r8aI/AAAAAAAADjg/3FJxY0jR17A6gFaOLtc55ZbzddaQ3GUJQCK4BGAsYHg/w301-h400/2.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%;" width="301" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: blue;">Similarly, the 23 ft tall Gupta era iron pillar (kirti stambha dedicated to Bhagwan Vishnu) standing in the Qutb complex at Mehrauli, Delhi has been rust-resistant for years!</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></div><p><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: 15px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /></p><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: blue;"><table border="1" bordercolor="#888" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-spacing: 0px; border-width: 1px;"><tbody><tr><td style="min-width: 60px; padding: 0px;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2jzX0cvVbA4/Xu8QuFQ6mgI/AAAAAAAADkM/jOAMU-ghjFEyXUXtfaxuXOu8vABPFVGjgCK4BGAsYHg/s301/Inscription_on_Iron_Pillar%252C_Delhi%2BChandragupta%2BII.jpg" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; display: inline-block; font-size: 14pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="220" height="376" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2jzX0cvVbA4/Xu8QuFQ6mgI/AAAAAAAADkM/jOAMU-ghjFEyXUXtfaxuXOu8vABPFVGjgCK4BGAsYHg/w275-h376/Inscription_on_Iron_Pillar%252C_Delhi%2BChandragupta%2BII.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%;" width="275" /></a><br /><br /></td><td style="min-width: 60px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HYdTv-Wem2c/Xu8QuvebnnI/AAAAAAAADkQ/JDne7nvGSs4ZC07gKoF65XqLLIvLoTQrgCK4BGAsYHg/s500/Iron%2BPillar.jpg" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="375" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HYdTv-Wem2c/Xu8QuvebnnI/AAAAAAAADkQ/JDne7nvGSs4ZC07gKoF65XqLLIvLoTQrgCK4BGAsYHg/w300-h400/Iron%2BPillar.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%;" width="300" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Refrence: www.myindiamyglory.om </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 15px;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); color: #757575; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration: none;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt; text-decoration: none;">Video</span></b></a></span></p>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-51964265676371657292023-07-31T18:29:00.006+05:302023-09-17T12:14:02.229+05:30 Changu Narayan Temple of Nepal <h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Changu Narayan Temple : The Second Oldest in </span>Nepal:</h3><p><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">Changu Narayan Temple located In Bhaktapur District, Nepal dates back to the fourth century. It is widely considered to be one of the oldest in Nepal.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mnDwPAZ1k6Q/X_x5IySqtMI/AAAAAAAAFWY/VtRzVZ_MfIA0JpsHqu7WoRPh9krPra-qwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/Changu_Narayan2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mnDwPAZ1k6Q/X_x5IySqtMI/AAAAAAAAFWY/VtRzVZ_MfIA0JpsHqu7WoRPh9krPra-qwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Changu_Narayan2.jpg" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt;">This temple is of great historical importance as it is one of
the oldest continuously functioning shrines in Kathmandu valley—dating from the
4th century onward—and preserves a pillar inscribed with Sanskrit text from the
5th century reign of King Manadeva a Licchavi-dynasty king.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In later centuries, we do see a record from around the year 610
of King Amsuvarman in Harigaon donating to support the Changu Narayan, strongly
suggesting an unbroken continuity of use from the 4th to the 7th centuries,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Built on top of a high hill about seven miles directly east of
Kathmandu, the temple is dedicated to Bhagvan Vishnu, although shrines to Lord
Shiva, Ashta Matrika, Chhinnamasta, Kileshwor, and Lord Krishna are also found
within the wider temple complex.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pictures of some old sculptues, deity & the temple are
presented for information. (They are from the internet.)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_jdxrzHH0mg/X_xpbr_rpKI/AAAAAAAAFU4/jy2ntbke7OgtQBv9_0_BVTNS44luTpHhQCLcBGAsYHQ/s770/stone-inscription.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a></div></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sjE6zH5nmRw/X_xbaGUgG4I/AAAAAAAAFUM/1_2KIzJ40hAQtMivomSzoo05U21IQBfYACLcBGAsYHQ/s1200/Manadevas_Pillar.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sjE6zH5nmRw/X_xbaGUgG4I/AAAAAAAAFUM/1_2KIzJ40hAQtMivomSzoo05U21IQBfYACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Manadevas_Pillar.jpg" /></a><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_jdxrzHH0mg/X_xpbr_rpKI/AAAAAAAAFU4/jy2ntbke7OgtQBv9_0_BVTNS44luTpHhQCLcBGAsYHQ/s770/stone-inscription.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="770" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_jdxrzHH0mg/X_xpbr_rpKI/AAAAAAAAFU4/jy2ntbke7OgtQBv9_0_BVTNS44luTpHhQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/stone-inscription.jpg" /></a></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Historical
pillar</b> erected by Mandeva in 464 AD with Sanskrit inscriptions.</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L3sor3dugz4/X_xcdsZjR8I/AAAAAAAAFUU/q6OerKUy5RwMQIQkpCEN7NFFPHfSqpGxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s903/Vishnu_Vikranta.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="903" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L3sor3dugz4/X_xcdsZjR8I/AAAAAAAAFUU/q6OerKUy5RwMQIQkpCEN7NFFPHfSqpGxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Vishnu_Vikranta.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Vishnu
Vikrant</b> :- 7th-century sculpture of Trivikram Vishnu that depicts
the scene of popular Hindu myth of Lord Vishnu and his beloved Bali Raja.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qQQWfV3Lrzk/X_xey-6NIQI/AAAAAAAAFUg/Lqef3fqFh_waNpOIE7eadJuQ4uaj886_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1007/Changu_Narayan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1007" data-original-width="792" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qQQWfV3Lrzk/X_xey-6NIQI/AAAAAAAAFUg/Lqef3fqFh_waNpOIE7eadJuQ4uaj886_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Changu_Narayan.jpg" /></a> </div><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Chanda
Narayan (Garuda Narayan</b>):- a 7th century stone sculpture of Vishnu
riding on Garuda. This sculpture has been depicted in the 10 rupee paper
note issued by Nepal Rastra Bank.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6cXvvf6raw0/X_xtZ2ZTIZI/AAAAAAAAFVM/u62nj-M4hcsO1uF69X_H3aak0hNYlww5ACLcBGAsYHQ/s908/nepal%2Brupee.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="908" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6cXvvf6raw0/X_xtZ2ZTIZI/AAAAAAAAFVM/u62nj-M4hcsO1uF69X_H3aak0hNYlww5ACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/nepal%2Brupee.png" /></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aPu60K3jxNA/X_xgJY18EnI/AAAAAAAAFUs/6WJ_HZgBWuQKNYwgyut8K-DiVwEqrfrAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s253/narsimha.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="200" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aPu60K3jxNA/X_xgJY18EnI/AAAAAAAAFUs/6WJ_HZgBWuQKNYwgyut8K-DiVwEqrfrAgCLcBGAsYHQ/w506-h640/narsimha.jpg" width="506" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Narasimha</b> :-
a 7th-century sculpture of Narasimha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu,
killing the demon King Hiranyakasyapa to save his beloved devotee
Prahalad.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hc0ECI0Z3GA/X_xqTq7RmJI/AAAAAAAAFVA/-tgZQWy75eQuQBiRwzI8Hi3eYYJqa7B8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s770/vishvaroop.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="770" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hc0ECI0Z3GA/X_xqTq7RmJI/AAAAAAAAFVA/-tgZQWy75eQuQBiRwzI8Hi3eYYJqa7B8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/vishvaroop.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Vishworup</b>:-
7th century stone sculpture- beautifully carved that depicts the scene
from the Bhagwat Gita, in which Lord Krishna manifests his universal form
to his devotee Arjun.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NZdN1q3HpG0/X_xxqWHbb1I/AAAAAAAAFVk/NOYs7O3rPlgt1IrgR-BMsKQEzmZZ0ypRgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/shridhar%2Bvishnu.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NZdN1q3HpG0/X_xxqWHbb1I/AAAAAAAAFVk/NOYs7O3rPlgt1IrgR-BMsKQEzmZZ0ypRgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/shridhar%2Bvishnu.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Sridhar
Vishnu</b>:- 9th century stone sculpture of Vishnu, Laxmi, and Garuda which
stands on the pedestals of various motifs.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ewixosnKqmo/X_xyP4EM78I/AAAAAAAAFVs/PbwrEG_LWdIU8JmXv3FWFS_H5BCmZ_cpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/vvishnu.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ewixosnKqmo/X_xyP4EM78I/AAAAAAAAFVs/PbwrEG_LWdIU8JmXv3FWFS_H5BCmZ_cpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/vvishnu.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Vaikuntha
Vishnu</b> :- 16th-century sculpture of Vishnu seated on the
Lalitasan position on the six armed Garuda and Laxmi seated on the lap of
Vishnu</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KHzh7hUI9P8/X_xzo9wrEuI/AAAAAAAAFV4/tlqDn1m-cUcPyAY8w7VOGKE8RgzyrTWyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Chhinnamasta_Temple.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KHzh7hUI9P8/X_xzo9wrEuI/AAAAAAAAFV4/tlqDn1m-cUcPyAY8w7VOGKE8RgzyrTWyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Chhinnamasta_Temple.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Chhinnamasta</b>:-
Temple dedicated to Chhinnamasta Devi, who beheaded herself, offered her
own blood to feed the hungry Dakini and Varnini.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-47C-UXyuvl8/X_x2obVuUyI/AAAAAAAAFWE/bKTJetqmUe05-BgP1NbGyYDfqvD2OvTVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1207/x4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1207" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-47C-UXyuvl8/X_x2obVuUyI/AAAAAAAAFWE/bKTJetqmUe05-BgP1NbGyYDfqvD2OvTVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/x4.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Vishnu
has four arms and holds the disc and mace / club. Durga has eight arms and
holds the sword, damaru drum, trident, and disc. Shiva has four arms and
holds a damaru drum, a trident, and a small water pot.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rFgJYyrPhVE/X_x4qRIYIKI/AAAAAAAAFWQ/NkIFZLLDOkUy_41kBsvWtDMQ_g1r1oTngCLcBGAsYHQ/s259/kileshwar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="479" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rFgJYyrPhVE/X_x4qRIYIKI/AAAAAAAAFWQ/NkIFZLLDOkUy_41kBsvWtDMQ_g1r1oTngCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h479/kileshwar.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 4.5pt solid rgb(148, 54, 52); mso-border-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #943634 4.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Kileshwor</b>:-
small two-storied temples of Lord Shiva, who is believed to have appeared
in this place for the protection of the hill.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--xIKMb7kjF8/X_xvXShP6MI/AAAAAAAAFVY/CVcO0ZF0wRk26-u2xkKgUKW7Y1eMgfZTwCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1024" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--xIKMb7kjF8/X_xvXShP6MI/AAAAAAAAFVY/CVcO0ZF0wRk26-u2xkKgUKW7Y1eMgfZTwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/image.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A sketch of the temple<br /><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 15px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></span></p></span></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-16943545682125114562023-06-15T12:57:00.003+05:302023-09-17T12:16:35.544+05:30Rāma of Ancient Xinjiang, China.<div><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe; font-family: "roboto important"; font-size: xx-large;">The Story of Rāma in Ancient Xinjiang, China.</span></div><div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eHjigp5Gb2c/XxXAc6wKK2I/AAAAAAAAEac/dEtRUjPrJFUmt_zo3lUw4kcZk4CmPvrZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/uttarakuru.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Texts Call it Uttarakuru" border="0" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eHjigp5Gb2c/XxXAc6wKK2I/AAAAAAAAEac/dEtRUjPrJFUmt_zo3lUw4kcZk4CmPvrZQCLcBGAsYHQ/d/uttarakuru.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><font color="#2b00fe">Ancient Indian Texts Call Xinjiang 'Uttarakuru'</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ancient
Khotan or modern Hotan is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Khotanese
kings were Mahāyāna Buddhist but this sect incorporates Vedic and Tantric
systems, with all the devas such as Indra, Śiva, Vi</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">u and Sarasvatī, and just places the
Buddha at the head of the system . There was also Krishna worship in Khotan and
we find the Rāma story in Khotanese language, of which there is also a Tibetan
version.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Buddhists put a spin on the Rāma story, that has had immense power on the imagination of the people all over Asia. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Khotanese Rāmāya</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a is
not the standard Rāma story. In it Daśaratha, who is called Sahasrabāhu
(“thousand-armed”), fights with Paraśurāma and gets killed, and his sons Rāma
and Lak</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ma</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a are saved by a queen. When they grow older they slay Paraśurāma in
revenge and become masters of all Jambudvīpa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Meanwhile,
the Rāk</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">asas are ruled by Rāva</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a (Daśagrīva). A daughter is born to his chief queen and it
is prophesied that she will be the cause of his ruin. So he orders the girl,
Sītā, to be cast upon the great river in a box. A </span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṛ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">i</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">hi chances upon the box and raises the girl lovingly. This is
somewhat similar to the account in Adbhuta Rāmāya</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Later in
the story, Rāma, Lak</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ma</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a and Sītā are in the forest and as the
brothers leave to hunt, Lak</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ma</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a draws the
magic circle around Sītā for protection. Daśagrīva sees this lovely woman from
the air, and not knowing she is his own daughter, approaches her and persuades
her to step out of the circle to abduct her.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">There is
war and Dasagriva is defeated. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But in the
end Rāma doesn’t kill him. In their
variant, Rāva</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a, after
losing the war is spared his life, and becomes a worthy Buddhist to accord with
the La</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṅ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">kāvatārasūtra, set in La</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṅ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">kā, in which the Buddha instructs Rāva</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At the end
of the story, the Buddha Śākyamuni is identified with Rāma and Maitreya with
Lak</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṣ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ma</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ṇ</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a. <o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z84GPT3AHUY/XxWlrQd7cFI/AAAAAAAAEaQ/oj5TlduWmG4S8dY21iqVCVW5NTDIbG74gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1185/Rama-Story.gif" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 42px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1185" data-original-width="760" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z84GPT3AHUY/XxWlrQd7cFI/AAAAAAAAEaQ/oj5TlduWmG4S8dY21iqVCVW5NTDIbG74gCLcBGAsYHQ/d/Rama-Story.gif" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt;">Europeans
in recent centuries called the whole region Serindia, indicating the meeting
place of China and India. The region northwest of Tibet, which is the part of
Xinjiang below the Tian Shin Mountains, was Indic in culture and it was a
thriving part of the Sanskritic world.</span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#fcff01" size="1">Reference:</font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.indictoday.com/long-reads/rama-story-sanskrit-ancient-xinjiang/"><font color="#fcff01" size="1">https://www.indictoday.com/long-reads/rama-story-sanskrit-ancient-xinjiang/</font></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2014/10/the-adbhuta-ramayana-by-saudamini-devi-translated-by-arjun-chaudhuri/"><font color="#fcff01" size="1">http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2014/10/the-adbhuta-ramayana-by-saudamini-devi-translated-by-arjun-chaudhuri/</font></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594480?seq=1"><font color="#fcff01" size="1">https://www.jstor.org/stable/594480?seq=1</font></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://akademiye.org/en/?p=1250"><font color="#fcff01" size="1">https://akademiye.org/en/?p=1250</font></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-1387777457129593712023-06-06T19:22:00.004+05:302023-10-01T14:00:37.055+05:30 Indian Buddhist Monk Created Shaolin Kungfu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="480" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D_VK6HYU4AAWHBF.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><span face=""segoe ui" , sans-serif" style="background: rgb(245, 248, 250); color: red; font-size: small;">Ancient cave in Dengfeng , Henan Province in China w</span><span face=""segoe ui" , sans-serif" style="background: rgb(245, 248, 250); color: red; font-size: small;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">here Indian </span></span><span face=""segoe ui" , sans-serif" style="background: rgb(245, 248, 250); color: red; font-size: small;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Monk Bodhidharma did meditation for 9 years and founded </span></span><span face=""segoe ui" , sans-serif" style="background-color: #f5f8fa; color: red; font-size: small; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shaolin Kung Fu by teaching Monks.</span></td></tr>
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<b style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bodhidharma </span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">was a Buddhist monk who arrived in China from India around AD 480.
He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China.
According to Chinese legend, he also began the physical training of the monks
of Shaolin Monastery that led to the creation of Shaolin Kungfu.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In Japan, he is
known as <b>Daruma.</b></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Shaolin Kung
Fu:</b> is one of the oldest, largest, and most famous styles of Kung Fu. It
combines Zen Buddhism and martial arts. It originated and was developed in the
Shaolin temple in Henan province, China. Chinese monasteries were large landed
estates, sources of considerable regular income and monks required protection.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-hZjL1Mve9ErNOqEqsgwTC6nMGKAq1Kix0LZ2W2IXBR0M0J-VT_nMzlzF6hTdxPGxbUrJTWhqcBZf-PCJY6fh8PJvFMk8V6kBMVerQU30WrCdWK6GzRsZqnzJgXvGh5YHleB7TxD-P6ibFAkoXOiF1eHN6tNkqtON6Hb5OqzxrC0w3wtVVeNMoLEVg/s400/Bodhidharma.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="470" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEQIpQgFBZzGg9tlK5k8Kwk3xzZVtpXsTvurUamwCzRattOpcsz1JSmSaLdlVd_-YFjeaBb1nJbYk42Y6d3Xxe48FIegnjdkB9AsB5-JCyLfC7DlgSQyRY3wSoGkELS7E2ZaTYiFy5zRomqzVdCVV7dqXTJOUJIcwgJ_5MZdJhgnDr7loWK6_Y-jZTyg=w400-h229" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A painting of Bodhidharma</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></a></div><br />
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: blue;">Shaolin temple
has two main legacies: </span><b><span style="color: red;">Chan</span></b><span style="color: blue;">, which refers to Chan Buddhism, the
religion of Shaolin, and </span><b><span style="color: red;">Quan</span></b><b style="color: blue;"> </b><span style="color: blue;">, which refers to the martial
arts of Shaolin. In Shaolin, these are not separate disciplines and monks have
always pursued the philosophy of the unification of Chan and Quan.</span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">On the Quan
(martial) side, usual classifications of contents are:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Basic skills </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> These include stamina, flexibility, and balance,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Power skills</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> These include</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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• Meditation- stationary meditation, and external
which is dynamic.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">
• The 72 arts: These Include 36 soft and 36 hard
exercises</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Combat skills</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> : </span></b><span face=""arial" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">These include various barehanded, weapon, and barehanded vs. weapon
routines (styles) and their combat methods.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span>
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Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-38490847899761789352022-08-14T18:16:00.002+05:302023-09-17T12:21:10.220+05:30The Earliest Known Chess Board & Dice<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGq-fqE6Ye50dp8yKeGRAAJKInZEqOROaamEBVw_aW_yGjB7TdTm5RB74M83LAmnDxNQIiZCNKXt69daDd1LV7OtRgGpsMifCHqFpLIvOLebWA9oERITtu77aQXUqLW8VEVJdZ3P2cCn-ldVum47AXOcTA8FVFroIoC14kAWSWGazd_YLfim5ic98/s1080/Chess-%20Indus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGq-fqE6Ye50dp8yKeGRAAJKInZEqOROaamEBVw_aW_yGjB7TdTm5RB74M83LAmnDxNQIiZCNKXt69daDd1LV7OtRgGpsMifCHqFpLIvOLebWA9oERITtu77aQXUqLW8VEVJdZ3P2cCn-ldVum47AXOcTA8FVFroIoC14kAWSWGazd_YLfim5ic98/s16000/Chess-%20Indus.jpg" /></a></div><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">The Earliest Known Chess Board &
Dice</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">This ancient chess
board was excavated from Lothal (Gujarat, India).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt;">It is the earliest
known Chess board in the whole world. It dates back to c.2400 BC.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">What follows is an
excerpt from the published excavation report by the archaeologist SR Rao . .
. "The close resemblance between various types of terracotta chessmen
excavated from Lothal and modern Chessmen is remarkable.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">It seems that the
Indian game of Chaturanga (Chess) had its origin in one of the Harappan
Games. Much valuable information about the various indoor games indulged in
by the Harappans is available from the gamesmen, game-boards and dices found
at the major Indus cities.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">A game involving the
use of dice was very popular in the Harappan and later times, especially in
the time of the Mahabharata war. The Pandava prince is said to have lost
everything including his kingdom in a game of dice. An earlier reference to
the games is contained in the Rgveda whcih mentions the use of Vibhitika wood
for making dice.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Lothal has yielded a
cubical terracotta dice marked 1 opposite 2, 3 opposite 4, and 5 opposite 6
(Pl. XXXIII C [1]), but normally the Harappan dices are found marked 1
opposite 6, 2 opposite 5, and 3 opposite 4 so as to make the sum of the
opposite numbers equal to seven.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Although no wooden
game-board has been found in the excavation, the brick from Mohenjo-Daro marked
with squares is presumed to be a model of game-boards. Lothal has also
yielded two models, one made of pottery and the other a brick tablet (Pl.
XXXII D [2])." S.R. Rao, Lothal, p. 112<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></p>
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</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1FPfYuW-JYJWLJSkfeJpNUFAGNliBBKXqI4cSvd9WJwTG9qDFyo3kjZLxDakXKNvJy-XCOAJO2n30Hj3v05w_J9yAlXSRnU2gjGrFAxpkuXW6zKae3WaWUwmdBehBE8HaJPYBJ2HT7N9xE-R4OePaAcZUx5-i5Z1WPc5m1tQkk4UL7O14I6XAbKw/s621/dice%20Indus%20valley.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /><img border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1FPfYuW-JYJWLJSkfeJpNUFAGNliBBKXqI4cSvd9WJwTG9qDFyo3kjZLxDakXKNvJy-XCOAJO2n30Hj3v05w_J9yAlXSRnU2gjGrFAxpkuXW6zKae3WaWUwmdBehBE8HaJPYBJ2HT7N9xE-R4OePaAcZUx5-i5Z1WPc5m1tQkk4UL7O14I6XAbKw/s16000/dice%20Indus%20valley.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-10347484964715189922022-01-18T19:45:00.002+05:302023-09-17T12:21:45.649+05:30Bhaktivedant Swami - Prabhupad<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The most
successful Indian in America. </span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPNxTOLMF_eiWt_NfXJl4qAgRT7jz7nI36Ao0V4DkLoF_eWMAc7-90yOlEXImTta1gRzDUb4IsqjAV4H5dQR2We7yj5BnFzK36JGGVwEyQ4-soHnFWoZdMOKJVvPny98CSX3dS58OxNBGXrxemch-Uwf7eEuq65IyeB6HO4MVp6eFMUzJfa8qpSW4=s1024" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPNxTOLMF_eiWt_NfXJl4qAgRT7jz7nI36Ao0V4DkLoF_eWMAc7-90yOlEXImTta1gRzDUb4IsqjAV4H5dQR2We7yj5BnFzK36JGGVwEyQ4-soHnFWoZdMOKJVvPny98CSX3dS58OxNBGXrxemch-Uwf7eEuq65IyeB6HO4MVp6eFMUzJfa8qpSW4=s16000" /></a></div><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">At the age of 70
perhaps most of us would think of retiring in a cozy cottage or in a farmhouse
in solitude. But, this extraordinary persona embarked upon an
extra ordinary journey that can be termed as the greatest achievement so far
by an Indian in America.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the year 1965, A.
C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada sailed for 32 days on the sea by and Indian
freighter named Jaladut to reach New York only with a suitcase , an umbrella,
a type writer and just eight dollars in his hand. He fell ill twice in the
mid sea. Yet nothing could deter him from achieving his goal to spread the
mesage of Bhagavat Gita to the West. Withstanding all challenges, he
established the International Society of Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON) also
know as the Hare Krishna Movement in 1966 and went on to establish 108
temples worldwide in just 11 years. Even the best management school in the
world will not be able to teach such management & leadership lessons the
Bhaktivedanta Swami mastered. With Millions of devotees worldwide, ISKCON has
taken Indian spirituality to the global platform upholding the messages of
Bhakti Yoga, universal brotherhood, peace and reawakening the love of God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">He came to the United
States not like anyone else, but achieved much more than anyone of us could
have imagined. His knowledge and determination were the only resources to
start something. There was no email, no mobile phone during those days. He
wrote around 10,000 letters to the devotees worldwide to make this great
movement successful.<o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0b458iqBbu1KXYefw1EqnoQGaiaI_vf5K3VV1UBVy2ixPIag1bmHHWt80V1cgx6_jrFVNDD8I7m2G1vDkumBiACTSSizG15pGWfQIK83rRNUuMqkIZ2LESny2Z_bfvoTBqyNTFvKTPog_BaBZOpd_clUxb5zJSxguuF8EIhv8eaNX4Io81wJ3vII=s589" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="501" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0b458iqBbu1KXYefw1EqnoQGaiaI_vf5K3VV1UBVy2ixPIag1bmHHWt80V1cgx6_jrFVNDD8I7m2G1vDkumBiACTSSizG15pGWfQIK83rRNUuMqkIZ2LESny2Z_bfvoTBqyNTFvKTPog_BaBZOpd_clUxb5zJSxguuF8EIhv8eaNX4Io81wJ3vII=w340-h400" width="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">His hand written letter to his disciples.</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In 1972, he also
started a gurukul in Dallas, Texas-an educational institution set up
according to the traditional Vedic model. He said that no one should go
hungry within a 10 mile radius of an ISKCON temple and offered prasadam to
everyone irrespective of community, race and religion. For him every human
being was a part of the supreme soul. Even Steve Jobs said in an interview
that he used to walk 7 miles to the Hare Krishna temple to eat one free good
meal in a week.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Today, ISKCON
facilitates the World’s largest vegetarian food relief program. ISKCON
acquired the midday meal scheme of Goverment of India and feeds 14 lakh
children daily. Today, a number of hospitals, educational institutions,
temples, free food distribution projects, eco-villages, and many other
projects all over the world are taking forward the movement that
Bhaktivedanta Swami started.</span><span style="color: #002060;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_oGP_VX9-UWXVsjw2Shb9c_loB__iBktLPoq-Vjn5spjV4oTCygay-Q6Le3K_6WrKU1T2ZDXZkn_P5bfdWjUxmYyyhH5xrHZnfW57DmYth2t9nOXlo40iy1emqHHdirtb6XoPRQpO5T36BvKcpxoaDJm26p4pnfT9ttK67jGH5OirdYMTVsNRu4A=s635" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="635" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_oGP_VX9-UWXVsjw2Shb9c_loB__iBktLPoq-Vjn5spjV4oTCygay-Q6Le3K_6WrKU1T2ZDXZkn_P5bfdWjUxmYyyhH5xrHZnfW57DmYth2t9nOXlo40iy1emqHHdirtb6XoPRQpO5T36BvKcpxoaDJm26p4pnfT9ttK67jGH5OirdYMTVsNRu4A=w400-h320" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #002060;"> </span></p>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PM Modi releases
special commemorative coin on the occasion of 125th birth anniversary of
Bhaktivedant Swami also known as Praphupad, the founder of ISKCON.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">People should read and
listen to him to understand international perspective of India &
Hinduism. The lectures he gave to his disciples in west are a treasure for
humanity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #002060; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In future his
contribution will be assessed to be far more than any other yogi going to the
west.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #002060;"> </span></p>
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color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-13846080314880532822021-12-21T21:36:00.001+05:302023-09-17T12:24:59.874+05:30Present Santa Image is a Coca-Cola Creation<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgM4XfovuNvli6FgE3-oNz3qeY8q6cGmfEHmXNFsA9o4CYrgFB3b64t1QgaJNNs4QxKsiKgvqRPYoKLUAt90zj79eiOtU_Af8nf4KoaQIJCr0GqE2mrQeL-9wU2yHLUBxq2dCjmucJJse49nT5MZgFFbyTdHF3zCQXsJok15C8HSr0lCGISRz3Dfw=s1031" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="1031" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgM4XfovuNvli6FgE3-oNz3qeY8q6cGmfEHmXNFsA9o4CYrgFB3b64t1QgaJNNs4QxKsiKgvqRPYoKLUAt90zj79eiOtU_Af8nf4KoaQIJCr0GqE2mrQeL-9wU2yHLUBxq2dCjmucJJse49nT5MZgFFbyTdHF3zCQXsJok15C8HSr0lCGISRz3Dfw=w640-h442" width="640" /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><h1 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Coca-Cola Helped Shape the Image of Santa</h1><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 420.2pt;" valign="top" width="560"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1zo6Q_ybhfw17oo_0e7JiOSm7eea4SLQ0nWiBGOOPwPvoJMBQE6IncfBEIolSZkZsp45DXeDKKiX62iBssVHyLwdeNarLRiRPgsw7RzTCGZAq0BQB7qTffQ4TaLEF8cgpqe2U4Ev8ViAYuTmX7MnL5uyu8s7fJkISHeAFJZXQkilA9u1xRTlElg=s1023" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1023" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1zo6Q_ybhfw17oo_0e7JiOSm7eea4SLQ0nWiBGOOPwPvoJMBQE6IncfBEIolSZkZsp45DXeDKKiX62iBssVHyLwdeNarLRiRPgsw7RzTCGZAq0BQB7qTffQ4TaLEF8cgpqe2U4Ev8ViAYuTmX7MnL5uyu8s7fJkISHeAFJZXQkilA9u1xRTlElg=w400-h320" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Santa the cheerful guy in the red suit has been featured in Coke ads since the 1920s. The Coca-Cola Company began its Christmas advertising in the 1920s with shopping-related ads.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">In 1930, artist Fred Mizen painted a department-store Santa in a crowd drinking a bottle of Coke. The ad featured the world's largest soda fountain. The painting was also used in print ads that Christmas season.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Coca-Cola commissioned Michigan-born illustrator Haddon Sundblom to develop advertising images. In 1931 the company began placing Coca-Cola ads in popular magazines. Sundblom’s Santa debuted in 1931 in Coke ads in The Saturday Evening Post, Ladies Home Journal, National Geographic, The New Yorker and others.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">From 1931 to 1964, Coca-Cola advertising showed Santa delivering toys (and playing with them!), pausing to read a letter and enjoy a Coke, visiting with the children who stayed up to greet him, and raiding the refrigerators at a number of homes.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">In the later years The "New Santa"was based on a salesman. In the beginning, Sundblom painted the image of Santa using a live model — his friend Lou Prentiss, a retired salesman. The children who appear with Santa in Sundblom’s paintings were based on Sundblom's neighbors — two little girls. He changed one to a boy in his paintings. The dog in Sundblom’s 1964 Santa Claus painting belonged to the neighborhood florist</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 36.8px;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">History</span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: left;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The Santa Claus we all know and love — that big, jolly man in the red suit with a white beard — didn’t always look that way. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 416.4pt;" valign="top" width="555"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: red;">The modern character of Santa is based on the historical </span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Saint Nicholas</span><span style="color: red;"> (fourth century Greek Bishop)</span></b><span style="color: red;">, the sixteenth century English mythological figure of </span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Father Christmas </span></b><span style="color: red;">and the Dutch, Belgian and Swiss folklore figure of </span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sinterklaas</span></b><b style="color: red;">. </b><span style="color: red;">Over a period of time</span><span style="color: red;"> a mythical character emerged.</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Later in Britain and the British colonies of North America, a version of the gift-giver emerged further.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">"Santa Claus" name was first used in the U.S. press in 1773. He lost his bishop's apparel, and was at first pictured as a thick-bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRFk2ym72kQa1-tN8ESP2J2BmuySsY5NmLSTgq13katBBq9V8-Wj-Nk93F1pwtNQ5NbMtNYdRdfWio11IY5GKRVRpbKaJT_4jUcQzRuzLedrtVLgNDu8EozrSJZsbcCkse7CTHDLbYz7Eksh8xr85ZnQLI1rRXbLfBgSM0lX_Rak6pw2nbHrd_1g=s800" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRFk2ym72kQa1-tN8ESP2J2BmuySsY5NmLSTgq13katBBq9V8-Wj-Nk93F1pwtNQ5NbMtNYdRdfWio11IY5GKRVRpbKaJT_4jUcQzRuzLedrtVLgNDu8EozrSJZsbcCkse7CTHDLbYz7Eksh8xr85ZnQLI1rRXbLfBgSM0lX_Rak6pw2nbHrd_1g=w400-h400" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration to verse 1 of Old Santeclaus with Much Delight<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: red;">In 1821, a book </span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A New-Year's Present, To The Little Ones From Five To Twelve</span> </b><span style="color: red;">was published in New York. It contained a poem </span><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Old Santeclaus With Much Delight</span></b><span style="color: red;">, describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh, bringing rewards to children. Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly developed after the anonymous publication of the poem</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", "sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Prior to 1931, Santa was depicted as everything from a tall gaunt man to a spooky-looking elf. He has donned a bishop's robe and a Norse huntsman's animal skin. In 1862 a Civil War cartoonist Thomas Nast drew Santa Claus for Harper's Weekly as a small elflike figure who supported the Union. Nast continued to draw Santa for 30 years, changing the color of his coat from tan to the red he’s known for today.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiMiWHRBi89m3Lt2F0x_BdVMCkFxCo04UVftxoFdx9wzTh12dN47Yqll67OtORMmE0ip0Q3ixotLd3PEp7BK7W6MyCSvOHUyWoXC2_v0j20_muZXdiX48WAxiE8w5d5vEL0OleJEWwF6FI50QFj77rEu0QJd6Tp0SQUch_GukoMuC1Xyl8YksBeZw=s1080" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1080" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiMiWHRBi89m3Lt2F0x_BdVMCkFxCo04UVftxoFdx9wzTh12dN47Yqll67OtORMmE0ip0Q3ixotLd3PEp7BK7W6MyCSvOHUyWoXC2_v0j20_muZXdiX48WAxiE8w5d5vEL0OleJEWwF6FI50QFj77rEu0QJd6Tp0SQUch_GukoMuC1Xyl8YksBeZw=w640-h416" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-71590928041296157582021-10-02T13:38:00.004+05:302023-09-17T12:25:36.949+05:30Khazars Worhipped Siva Lingam Before Becoming Jews<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KIyESbQXU3U/YVcyCxCyJAI/AAAAAAAAGsk/b4BSpFnYP1o9tUf2G2WDHes7C-QDgocWACLcBGAsYHQ/s518/khazars_siva_linga.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="518" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KIyESbQXU3U/YVcyCxCyJAI/AAAAAAAAGsk/b4BSpFnYP1o9tUf2G2WDHes7C-QDgocWACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/khazars_siva_linga.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Khazars worhipping Siva Lingam before they became Jews</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Khazars, in the late 6th century CE established a major commercial
empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia. Their
influence in Eastern Europe extended well into the countries we now know as
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Their empire was known as the Khazar Khanate
or Khazaria..</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Khazars were descendants of the Turkic tribe, known as the Huns or
Hun that invaded and savaged Europe from Asia around AD 450.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Religious Beliefs <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Khazars were once worhippers of the Siva Lingam, before they
became Jews. (We can notice worship of Siva Lingam wrapped by snake, being
worshipped with water etc)</span></b> <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Direct sources for the Khazar religion cannot be ascertained, but
it is believed that they engaged in a form of religious practices known as
Tengrism. But many practices seem similar to the Vedic traditions. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Horse sacrifices
were made to the supreme deity. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Rites involved
offerings to fire, water, and the moon, to remarkable creatures and to a god
of fortune. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FzbzKR2GUPc/YVdUcjtTveI/AAAAAAAAGs8/EjZzExyElhQQx1UnfnbgzY813IUUNvAJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/sun%2Bdisk.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="400" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FzbzKR2GUPc/YVdUcjtTveI/AAAAAAAAGs8/EjZzExyElhQQx1UnfnbgzY813IUUNvAJQCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h196/sun%2Bdisk.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: inherit;">Sun Disc Seal<br /></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Sun amulets were
widespread as cultic ornaments.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• A tree cult was
also maintained.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(Not enough information is available in the public domain. One reason is that proper excavations have not been done and second is that the available information is concealed.)<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">1<sup>st</sup> Conversion
</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Around 740 AD, Bulan, the King of Khazaria, adopted the religion
of Judaism and the whole nation followed him.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">2<sup>nd</sup> Conversion<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DcHhqko2Cgg/YVcyKQD-dDI/AAAAAAAAGso/3X-JuvtglcgBmwKqu5GjHQWWy_k9NVgiACLcBGAsYHQ/s406/Khazaria3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="406" height="326" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DcHhqko2Cgg/YVcyKQD-dDI/AAAAAAAAGso/3X-JuvtglcgBmwKqu5GjHQWWy_k9NVgiACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h326/Khazaria3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Khazaria with Rus in the west and Khwarezm in the east</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In around 965 there emerged in the west of the empire a Rus' prince
Sviatoslav. He became famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and
south. Rus' prince Sviatoslav was a pagan whose mother was Christian. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jPiy8_t2m7w/YVcyO7accjI/AAAAAAAAGss/anpznQOeBaoKWmPlzNx0JrsFimi-gS62QCLcBGAsYHQ/s678/Khazaria5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="678" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jPiy8_t2m7w/YVcyO7accjI/AAAAAAAAGss/anpznQOeBaoKWmPlzNx0JrsFimi-gS62QCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h266/Khazaria5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Map showing Oguz Turks to the east of Khazaria</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In 965, as the empire was struggling in west against the
victorious campaign of Sviatoslav, Khazaria was attacked from east by the
Oğuz Turks (Muslims). Kazaria sought
help from Khwarezm, another Muslim state in east. But their appeal was
rejected because they were regarded as "infidels" (al-kuffâr: pagans).
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Save for the king, the Khazarians are said to have converted to
Islam in order to secure an alliance, and the Turks were, with Khwarezm's
military assistance, repelled. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Thus they all converted to Islam in fear.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-86487371635787523552021-09-30T00:01:00.001+05:302023-09-17T12:26:08.968+05:30Khalaj Kings Worshiped Lord Shiva. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wjR-Ek6Ta3U/YVSsJ2EHbFI/AAAAAAAAGsE/CDU1aT7gMVMvz97vWvs_YvTrKSI7_ERZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Khalaj_coin._8th_century_CE._Imitating_Sasanian_king_Peroz_I_%2528438-457%2529._Crowned_bust_right._Shiva_standing_facing%252C_holding_trident%252C_to_left_%25CF%2587%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B3_or_%25CF%2587%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2583_in_Bactrian.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wjR-Ek6Ta3U/YVSsJ2EHbFI/AAAAAAAAGsE/CDU1aT7gMVMvz97vWvs_YvTrKSI7_ERZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Khalaj_coin._8th_century_CE._Imitating_Sasanian_king_Peroz_I_%2528438-457%2529._Crowned_bust_right._Shiva_standing_facing%252C_holding_trident%252C_to_left_%25CF%2587%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B3_or_%25CF%2587%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2583_in_Bactrian.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Khalaj_coin._8th_century_CE._Crowned_bust_right._Shiva_standing_facing,_holding_trident</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p></p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At Least till 8<sup>th</sup> Century Khalaj kings worshiped Lord
Shiva. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Khalaj coin of the 8th century CE. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">King’s crowned bust appears on the obverse.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the reverse: Shiva standing holding trident.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"> The Story</span></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Khalaj<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>are classified as a Turkic tribe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Turkic peoples are a collection of
ethnic groups of Central, East, North and West Asia as well as parts of Europe
and North Africa, who speak Turkic languages.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="background: white; color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In Afghanistan, the Ghilji tribe of Pashtuns are
descends from the Khalaj people. </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Historians consider<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Khalaj tribe to be one of the earliest to
cross the Amu Darya from Central Asia into present-day Afghanistan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Khalaj were described
as sheep-grazing nomads in Ghazni, Qalati Ghilji, and the surrounding
districts, who had a habit of wandering through seasonal pastures.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 12pt 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In Iran, they still
speak Khalaj language, which is classified as Turkic, although most of them
are Persianized.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Notable people from
the Khalaj tribe</span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Muhammad bin
Bakhtiyar Khalji, founder of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal (d. 1206)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Jalal-ud-din Khalji,
founder of the Khalji dynasty of Delhi (d. 1296)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Alauddin Khalji, most
powerful Sultan of the Khalji dynasty of Delhi (d. 1316)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 30pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Qutbuddin Mubarak
Shah, Sultan of Delhi (d. 1320)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[The coin is on the
Hephthalite model, imitating Sasanian king Peroz I 438-457.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Hephthalites, sometimes called the White Huns, were a people
who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE. They formed an
empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE,
when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE]</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><p></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-44476531773739380062020-11-30T13:59:00.087+05:302023-09-17T12:27:15.669+05:30NatyaShastra & Bhava-Rasa Theory of Bharata<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QTFDxQ1UAiI/X8P9hSG9frI/AAAAAAAAFOg/93fWLAp1ye0XmvPTi-LFAvoXDIdZv0IDwCLcBGAsYHQ/s789/rasas_gen.png" style="background-color: #fde9d9; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="642" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QTFDxQ1UAiI/X8P9hSG9frI/AAAAAAAAFOg/93fWLAp1ye0XmvPTi-LFAvoXDIdZv0IDwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/rasas_gen.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Nav Ras / The Nine Melows or Moods</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br style="background-color: #fde9d9;" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 18.6667px;">NatyaShastra and the Bhava-Rasa Theory of Bharata Muni emphasizes that the success of a performance is measured by whether or not the audience has a specific experience called RASA. Rasa is the internal enjoyment which is relished by the audience which are nine in number.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HISTORY OF NATYASHASTRA <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Natyaśāstra, is the oldest
surviving Indian compendium on the knowledge of performing arts. It primarily
deals with theatre, dance & musical performance. The text, which now
contains 6000 slokas, is believed to have been written during the period
between 200 BCE and 200 CE by Sage Bharata. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The NatyaShastra itself is based
upon the much older Gandharva Veda (appendix to Sama Veda) which contained
36000slokas. However, its most complete exposition in drama, songs and other
performance arts is found in the works of the Kashmiri Shaivite philosopher
Abhinavagupta (c. 1000 CE).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzJW6sUzy0juOKwcN8jSwjibEDWAOyKJSeZiCWg1RcIb_1onW-9IqqhRfhtBEkDYrgNTXKfDft32iE4GiW7sQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><b style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OVERVIEW OF BHAVA-RASA THEORY</span></u></b></div><div><b style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(252, 232, 178); border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 709px;"><tbody><tr style="height: 0.5in; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">OBJECT/ENVIRONMENT</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;">(causes)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.95pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">EMOTION</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.75pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;">(causes) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-small; line-height: 24px; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">OR</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.8pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">BEHAVIOR</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;">(creates)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 0.5in; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.15pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;">AUDIENCE
RESPONSE</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></b></div><div><b style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 7.45pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 680px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 28.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.1pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">VIBHAVA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">(causes) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.65pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">BHAVA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.65pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">(causes) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.95pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ANUBHAV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.15pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">(creates)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); height: 28.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.45pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> RASA</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></b></div><div><br /></div><div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 7.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 730px;"><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 547.4pt;" valign="top" width="730">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vibhavas : </span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vibhavas
means Karana or cause<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bhav : </span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
term <b>bhava</b> means mental state or
emotion. These can be of three types. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Mangal;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sthayi bhavas (Primary emotion)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Mangal;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vibhichari or
Sanchari bhavas </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 26px; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- (</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 26px; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transitory states)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Mangal","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Mangal;">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sattvika
bhavas </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 26px; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- (</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 26px; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperamental states)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anubhav :</span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The
“Consequent” (anubhava) of a particular bhava is a specific behavior
exhibited by the actor as he portrays the character which will cause the
audience to feel a specific rasa corresponding to the bhava felt by the
actor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa
: Rasa</span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the emotional response the bhavas inspire in the spectator. It
is an emotional state (in relation to sthayi bhavas) experienced by the
spectator. Rasa is that internal enjoyment which is relished not only by the
audience but also the actors who perform it. These are 9 in number
corresponding to sthayi bhavas.</span><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aero4pEiBfw/X8PxDDdYjgI/AAAAAAAAFOU/xVjjdtZzs9oYAwqBsD9t9qO3Vb7VF1qBQCLcBGAsYHQ/s900/raas.png" style="background-color: #fde9d9; font-size: 14pt; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aero4pEiBfw/X8PxDDdYjgI/AAAAAAAAFOU/xVjjdtZzs9oYAwqBsD9t9qO3Vb7VF1qBQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/raas.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> "Chinnamasta"......Perfect
Coordination of two Odissi Dancers. Chinnamasta is an aspect of Dasamahavidya
form of Maa Adishakti. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 697px;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 522.9pt;" valign="top" width="697"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Natyasastra of Bharata Muni consists of thirty-six chapters in all. The first
three chapters respectively deal with the origin of drama, the erection of
theatre and the worship of the stage. Chapter 4 deals with the varieties of
dance. Chapter 5 is devoted to the conduct of purvaranga or preliminary
rites. 6th and 7th chapters relate to rasas (sentiments) and bhavas
(emotions) known as the Rasadhyaya and Bhavaadhyaya respectively and together
bring out the concept of the Bhava-Rasa theory of Bharata. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">THE
AIM,</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the text states, of art is manifold. In many cases, it aims to produce
repose and relief for those exhausted with labor, or distraught with grief,
or laden with misery. The primary goal is to create rasa so as to lift and
transport the spectators. This Rasa experience will entertain and enlighten
the spectator who hence becomes the 'Rasika'. </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;">According
to Natya Shastra, bhavas by themselves carry no meaning in the absence of
Rasa.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">THE
REALISATION</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;"> of Rasa is said to result from the union of three interrelated
elements – Determinants (vibhava), Consequents (anubhava) and Transitory
States/ Complementary Psychological States (vyabhicaribhava). Vibhava,
anubhava and bhava are thus intimately connected with one another.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Vibhava
(determinants or catalysts).</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;"> The means (the conditions and objects) by which
an emotion is activated is termed Vibhava or Determinants. There are two
kinds of Vibhava</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Alambhana Vibhava – the person or the object in respect of whom the emotion
is experienced and whose appearance is directly responsible for the bringing
forth of the emotion; <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and
the Uddipana Vibhava – the situation in the environment in which that person
or object is placed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Bhava
:</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;"> The term bhava means mental state, feelings, psychological states, and
emotions. In the context of the drama, bhavas are the emotions represented in
the performance.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sthayi
bhavas </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Which are 8+1). The Sthayibhava (permanent mood) or Durable
Psychological State is a major emotion which is developed by a number of minor
feelings referred to as Vyabicaribhavas.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transitory
states - Vibhichari or Sanchari bhavas</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Which are 33). The
‗vyabhicāribhāvas‘ are the Complementary Psychological States which
exist temporarily in a performance but contribute to the overall emotional tone
of the play.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperamental
states - Sattvika bhavas </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Which are 8) (Ultimate perfection
of performance requires peculiar mental effort for their presentation).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Anubhava
:</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;"> Anubhava is the consequent physical reaction through action, word and
facial expression that follows as the impact of the vibhava. They are the
outward manifestations brought forth as a result of the Vibhavas. </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;">The “Consequent” (anubhava) of a particular
bhava is a specific behavior exhibited by the actor as he portrays the
character such as weeping, fainting, blushing, or the like. The anubhāvas‘
include the performer‘s gestures and other means to express the emotional
states. Anubhavas communicate to the audience, the emotions being felt by the
characters onstage. The anubhava, if properly executed, will cause the
audience to feel a specific rasa corresponding to the bhava felt by the
actor.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Abhinaya :</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The actors convey bhavas using Abhinaya. The Sanskrit root “abhi”
means “to lead”, “to go together”. Abhinaya is the process by which the
meaning of the play is “led toward” the audience. Bharata says in his
Natyasastra, that there are four kinds of abhinaya. The four types are
angika(―physical</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‖</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),
vacika(</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">―</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">verbal</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‖</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), sattvika(emotional) and
aharya(make-up and costumes or material). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Rasa:</span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Rasa is the emotional response the bhavas inspire in the spectator (the
Rasika or Sahrudaya). Rasa is thus an emotional state experienced by the
spectator. Rasa is that internal enjoyment which is relished not only by the
audience but also the actors who perform it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According
to Bharata, the playwright experiences a certain emotion (bhava). The
director (Sutradhara) of the play should properly understand the idea and
bhava-s of the character and convey his knowledge and understanding to the
actors. The actors perform their parts using their own vision.</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(218, 238, 243); mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 522.9pt;" valign="top" width="697"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Sthayibhava-s evoke corresponding Rasas:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Rati evokes Sringara
(the Erotic - romance, love).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Hasa evokes Hasya (the comic - laugh, humor.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Shoka evokes Karuna
(the pathetic - compassion, sadness).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Krodha evokes Roudra
(the furious - indignation, anger).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. U</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tsaha evokes Veera
(the heroic - valor).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Bhaya evokes Bhayanaka
(the terrible - fear, horror).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Jugupsa evokes Bibhasa
(the odious - disgust, aversion, repugnance).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. V</span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ismaya evokes Adbhuta
(the marvelous - wonder, astonishment, amazement).</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Shant evokes shant
( Peace & tranquility).</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 522.9pt;" valign="top" width="697"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">STHAYI BHAVAS ARE
MANIFESTED (INACTED) BY CORRESPONDING ANUBHAVAS:</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Rati
(Pleasure) - Smiling face, sweet words, contraction of eye-brows, sidelong
glances and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Hasa
(Joy) - Smile and the like, i.e., laugher, excessive laugher.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Shoka
(Sorrow) - Shedding tears, lamentation, bewailing, change of color, loss of
voice, looseness of limbs, falling on the ground, crying, deep breathing,
paralysis, insanity, death and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Krodha
(Malice) - Extended nostrils, unturned eyes, bitten lips, throbbing cheeks
and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">against enemies - knitting of the
eye-brows, fierce look, bitten lips, hands clasping each other, touching
one’s own shoulder and breast.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">when controlled by superiors -
slightly downcast eyes, wiping off slight perspiration and not expressing any
violent movement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">against beloved woman - very
slight movement of the body, shedding tears, knitting eyebrows, sidelong
glances and throbbing lips.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">against one’s servants - threat,
rebuke, dilating eyes and casting contemptuous looks of various kinds.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">artificial - betraying signs of
effort.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Utsaha
(Courage) - steadiness, munificence, boldness of undertaking and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Bhaya
(Fear) - trembling of the hands and feet, palpitation of the heart,
paralysis, dryness of the mouth, licking lips, perspiration, tremor,
apprehension of danger, seeking for safety, running away, loud crying and the
like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Jugupsa
(Disgust) - contracting all the limbs, spitting, narrowing down of the mouth,
heartache and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Vismaya
(Surprise) - wide opening the eyes, looking without winking of the eyes and
movement of the eye-brows, horripilation, moving the head to and fro, the cry
of ‘well done’ and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 522.9pt;" valign="top" width="697"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">MORE ON ANUBHAV<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. The Erotic - Sringara – (1) in
union – The Anubhava-s to be represented are clever movements of eyes and
eye-brows, soft and delicate movements of limbs, sweet words, etc.; whereas
those to be represented (2) in separation – are despondency, weakness,
apprehension, envy, weariness, anxiety, yearning, sleep, dreaming, awakening,
illness, insanity, epilepsy, inactivity (temporary) death and other
conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. The Comic - Hasya – It is to be
represented by throbbing of the lips, and the cheeks, opening of the eyes
wide or contracting them, perspiration, color of the face and taking hold of
the sides. Hasya is self-centered when a man laughs himself and it is
centered in others when he makes others laugh. This two-fold division of
Hasya relates to its infectious nature. In the verses of the Anubhavas of the
six types of Hasya are given.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘smita’ (gentle smile): slightly
blown cheeks, elegant glances, teeth not visible;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘hasita’ (smile): blooming eyes,
face and cheeks, teeth slightly visible;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘vihasita’ (gentle laugher) –
laugher suitable to the occasion; slight sound and sweetness, face joyful,
eyes and cheeks contracted;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘upahasita’ (laugher of ridicule):
the nose expanded, squinting eyes, shoulder and head bent;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘apahasita’ (vulgar laugher) –
laugher on unsuitable occasion: tears in eyes, shoulders and the head
violently shaking;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘atihasita’ (excessive laugher) –
eyes expanded and tearful, loud and excessive sound, sides covered by hands.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smita and hasita should be
employed in the case of superior characters, vihasita and upahasita in the case
of middling ones and apahasita and atihasita in the case of the inferior
types.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. The Pathetic - Karuna – This is
to be represented by shedding tears, lamentation, dryness of the mouth,
change of color, drooping limbs, being out of breath, loss of memory and the
like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. The Furious - Roudra is to be
represented by red eyes, knitting of eye-brows, defiance, biting of lips,
throbbing of the cheeks, pressing one hand over the other and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. The Heroic - Veera – This is to
be gesticulated by firmness, heroism, charity, diplomacy and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. The Terrible - Bhaya is to be
represented by trembling of the hands, the feet and the eyes, horripilation,
change of color and the loss of voice.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. The Odious - Bibhatsa is to be
gesticulated by contraction of all the limbs, narrowing down of the mouth and
eyes, vomiting, spitting and (shaking the limbs in) disgust and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. The Marvelous - Adbhura – This
is to be represented by wide opening eyes, looking with fixed gaze,
horripilation, tears. Joy, perspiration, uttering words of approbation,
making gifts, crying (incessantly) ‘ha, ha, ha’ waving the end of dhoti or
sari and movement of fingers and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Abhinavagupta went on to expand
the scope and content of the rasa spectrum by adding the ninth rasa: the
Shantha rasa, the one of tranquility and peace. Abhinava explained that
Shantha rasa underlies all the other mundane rasas as their common
denominator. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 522.9pt;" valign="top" width="697"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">TRANSITORY STATES - VIBHICHARI OR
SANCHARI BHAVAS<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These are thirty-three in number.
Sthayi bhava-s are accompanied by thirty-three Vyabhicari-bhavas, called
“Complementary” or “Inconstant” modes, which may be seen as “Conditioning
Forces” of a scene. Emotions have many shades and are characterized by
different levels of intensity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Nirveda - weeping, sighing,
deep breathing, deliberation and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Glani - week voice, lusterless
eyes, pale face, slow gate, want of energy, loss of color of the body and the
limbs, change of voice and others.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Sanka - constantly looking
about, hesitating movement, dryness of the mouth, licking the lips, change of
facial color, tremor, dry lips, change of voice and the like. Concealment of
appearance to be characterized by adoption of clever gestures according to
some authorities.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Asuya - finding fault with
others, decrying their virtues, casting glances in jealousy, downcast face,
knitting eyebrows, disregard and abuse in public.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Mada -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In case of superior persons –
sleeping<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Middling ones – laughing and
singing,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low ones – crying and using coarse
words.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stages of Mada –<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(i) light smiling face, pleasant
feeling, slightly faltering words, delicately unsteady gait.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ii) medium drunken and rolling
eyes, arms drooping or restlessly thrown about, irregularly unsteady gait.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(iii) excessive loss of memory,
incapacity to walk due to vomiting, hiccup, tick protruding tongue and
spitting. When there is panic, grief and increase of terror due to some
cause, intoxication is to be stopped by effort.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Srama - gentle rubbing of the
body, deep breathing, contraction of the mouth, belching, massaging of the
limbs, very slow gait, contraction of the eyes, making hissing sound.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Alasya - aversion to any kind
of work, lying down, sitting, drowsiness, sleep, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Dainya - want of self-command,
headache, dullness of the body, absent-mindness, giving up of cleansing (of
the body), etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Cinta - deep breathing,
sighing, agony, meditation, thinking with a down-cast face, thinness of the
body, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Moha - want of movement,
excessive movement of a particular limb, falling down, reeling, dazed
condition.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Smrity - nobbing of the head,
looking down, raising up the eye-brows, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. Dhriti - enjoyment of objects
attained, absence of regret for the unattained, impaired or lost, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13. Vrida - covered face, thinking
with down casting face, drawing lines on the ground, touching cloths and the
ring, biting the nails, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. Capalata - harsh words,
rebuke, beating, killing, taking prisoner, goading, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15. Harsa - brightness of the face
and eyes, using sweet words, embracing, horripilation, tears, perspiration,
and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16. Avega -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) due to portends - looseness of
all the limbs, distraction of the mind, loss of facial color, sadness,
surprise, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) due to violent winds - veiling
the face, rubbing the eyes, collecting the ends of the clothes worn, hurried
going, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) due to heavy rains - lumping
together the limbs, running, looking for some cover of shelter, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(d) due to fire - eyes troubled
with smoke, contracting all the limbs or shaking them, running with wide
steps, flight, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(e) due to elephants - hurried
retreat, unsteady gait, fear, paralysis, tremor, looking back, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(f) due to having something -
getting up, embracing, giving away cloths and ornaments, tears, horripilation,
etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(g) due to unfavorable news -
falling down on the ground, rolling about on a rough surface, running away,
bewailing, weeping and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(h) due to calamity - sudden
retreat, taking up weapons and armor, mounting elephants and horses and
chariots, striking, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17. Jadata - not uttering any
word, speaking indistinctly, aversion to all work, remaining absolutely
silent, looking with steadfast gaze, dependence on others, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18. Garva - disrespect for others,
harassing, not giving reply, not greeting others, looking to oneself,
roaming, contemptuous laugher, harsh words, transgressing commands of the
superiors, insulting others, etc. (In case of persons of inferior type,
(boastful) movement of the eyes and the limbs is to be employed.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19. Visada - looking for allies,
thinking about means, loss of energy, absent-mindedness, deep breathing and
the like in the case of superior and the middling types; in case of the
inferior type – running away, looking down, drying of the mouth, licking the
corner of the mouth, sleep, deep breathing, meditation and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20. Autsukya - sighs, thinking
with downcast face, sleep, drowsiness, desire for lying down.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21. Nidra - heaviness of the face,
rolling of the body, rolling of the eyes, yawning, massaging of the body,
deep breathing, relaxed body, closing the eyes, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22. Apasmara - throbbing, sighing,
trembling, running, falling down, perspiration, foaming in the mouth,
motionlessness, licking (lips) with tongue and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23. Supta - deep breathing,
dullness of the body, closing the eyes, stupefaction of all senses, dreaming,
talking while asleep, closing eyes softly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24. Vibodha - yawning, rubbing the
eyes, leaving the bed, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25. Amarsa - shaking the head,
perspiration, thinking with downcast face, determination, looking for means
and allies, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26. Avahittha - speaking
otherwise, looking down words, break in speech, pretended patience.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27. Ugrata - killing, imprisoning,
beating, rebuking, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28. Mati - instructing pupils,
ascertainment of meanings, removal of doubts, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29. Vyadhi -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) fever with a feeling of cold -
shivering of the entire body, bending the body, shaking the jaws, desire for
heat, horripilation, movement of the chin, narrowing down the nasal passage,
dryness of the mouth, lamentation, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) fever with a feeling of heat -
throwing out cloths, the hands and the feet, desire to roll on the ground,
use f unguents, desire for coolness, lamentation, dryness of mouth, crying.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(c) other types of sickness -
narrowing down the mouth, dullness of the body, downcast eyes, deep
breathing, making peculiar sounds, crying, tremor, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30. Unmada - laughing and weeping
without any reason, crying, irrelevant talk, lying down, sitting and rising
up, running, dancing, singing, reciting, smearing the body with ashes and
dust, taking grass and remains of flower-offering to deity, soiled clothes,
rags, potsherd, and earthen tray as decorations of the body, many other
senseless acts, imitation of others who are not present, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31. Marana -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) from sickness - looseness of
the body, motionless of the limbs, closed eyes, hiccup, deep breathing, not
looking towards surroundings people, indistinct words, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) due to accidental injury -<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(i) wounded by weapons - suddenly
falling down on the ground, tremor, throbbing, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ii) snake bite or poison -
gradual development of the following symptoms – thinness of the body, tremor,
burning sensations, hiccup, foaming mouth, breaking of the neck, paralysis
and death.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32. Trasa - contraction of limbs,
shaking, tremor of the body, paralysis, horripilation, speaking with choked
voice, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33. Virtaka - various discussions,
non-settling1 of problems, concealment of the counsel, movements of the head
and eye-brows, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 522.9pt;" valign="top" width="697"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">TEMPERAMENTAL
STATES - SATTVIKA BHAVAS<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperamental
states are expressed on the stage using Sattvika abhinaya. In fact, all the
gesticulation of mental states may be designated as the Sattvika abhinaya.
But the prominence given to the gesticulation of the temperamental states is
due to the peculiar mental effort which is necessary for their presentation.
Bharata has thus given first the gesticulation of temperament for, without it
the real purpose of the performance would be lost.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt;">Sveda
- taking up the fan, wiping off sweat, looking for breeze.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stambha
- being inactive, smileless, being like inert object, limbs drooping.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kampa
- quivering, throbbing and shivering, wiping the eyes of tears, shedding tear
incessantly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asru
- wiping the eyes full of tears, shedding tears incessantly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vaivarnya
- alteration of the color of the face with effort by putting pressure on the
artery.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Romanca
- repeated thrills, hair standing on end, touching the body.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Svarabheda
- broken and choked voice.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pralaya
- motionlessness, breathing gently (unnoticed), falling on the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONCLUSION</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: dash-dot-stroked windowtext 3.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 3.0pt dash-dot-stroked windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 3.0pt dash-dot-stroked windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 3pt solid red; mso-border-alt: dash-dot-stroked red 3.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.5in;" valign="top" width="624">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6j1bs8OT6JA/X6VZ1YccFtI/AAAAAAAAFOA/lYMxO4MQOTwXkwm_pZJzCHiT58MNmZLpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s524/Nav-Ras.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="524" height="430" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6j1bs8OT6JA/X6VZ1YccFtI/AAAAAAAAFOA/lYMxO4MQOTwXkwm_pZJzCHiT58MNmZLpgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h430/Nav-Ras.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Nav Ras / The Nine Melows or Moods</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: 3pt solid red; mso-border-alt: dash-dot-stroked red 3.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: dash-dot-stroked red 3.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.5in;" valign="top" width="624">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ultimate goal, purpose
of writing, presenting and viewing a play is to experience rasa realization.
Rasa is associated with palate - that which can be relished – like the taste
of food or an emotional state experienced by the spectator.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The theory of Rasa-Bhava
establishes a relationship between the performer and the spectator. The
success of a performance is measured by whether or not the audience has a
specific experience (rasa), the spectator becomes a vital participant in the
play.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-57841503373487868962020-10-16T18:47:00.002+05:302023-09-17T12:28:03.666+05:30Kitchen of Lord Jagannath<p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sPrn12usAAE/X4mSnKUSY2I/AAAAAAAAFKw/hwRG_8HOIIYXas9pAa3-focrE-0zCeMhwCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/j3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sPrn12usAAE/X4mSnKUSY2I/AAAAAAAAFKw/hwRG_8HOIIYXas9pAa3-focrE-0zCeMhwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/j3.jpg" /></a></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">The Kitchen of Lord Jagannath, biggest in the World</span></span></span></h2><p></p><p style="background-color: white; margin: 1em 0px 0px;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;">Sri Jagannath is the Lord of the Universe. His Kitchen is consid</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="color: #2b00fe; display: inline; font-family: trebuchet;">ered as the largest and the biggest Kitchen in the world. It is situated in the south-east direction of the outer compound of Srimandir. The length of the Kitchen is 150 feet, breadth is 100 feet and height is about 20 feet. It consists of 32 rooms with 250 earthen ovens within them. Around 600 cooks(Suaras) and 400 assistants serve here everyday and prepare food for the Lord.</span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Devotees here believe that Mahalaxmi Herself comes to cook in the Kitchen while everyone else is serving Her.</div></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="539" height="522" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0GO2lGTjY0/X4mSnBUmmKI/AAAAAAAAFKo/dNjW5PW9enwdsRnG9AM2c-DemUA90TJCwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h522/j1.jpg" width="640" /></span></div><p style="background-color: white; margin: 1em 0px 0px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"></span></p><div class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; display: inline;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Chappan Bhog or Mahaprasad</span></span></h3><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Mahaprasad is the term applied to the 56 food items offered to Lord Jagannath in the holy Temple of Puri,</span></div></span><p></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;">According to "Skanda Purana” Lord Jagannath redeems the devotees by permitting them to partake his Mahaprasad, to have His darshan and to worship him by observing rituals and by offering of gifts. Mahaprasad is treated here as ‘Anna Brahma’. The temple kitchen has a capacity to cook <i>prasad </i>for aound a lakh of devotees in a day. Mahaprasad is cooked in earthen pots and traditional wood is used to light fire. The steam-cooked food is offered first to Lord Jagannath and then to Goddess Vimala after which it becomes Mahaprasad. This Mahaprasad is freely taken by people of all castes and creeds without any discrimination.</span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: large;">When the steam cooked food is carried to Lord in slings of earthen pots no aroma is sensed from the food but, when the same is carried back to the sale point after being offered to the Lord a delicious fragrance fills the breeze. This is a pleasant surprise to the all and the devotees feel that the food has been blessed.</span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The tourists prefer to take with them a particular type of dry Mahaprasad known as” Khaja” (made of maida, sugar and ghee) which stays fresh for many days and is easy to carry.</div></span><p></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;">Mahaprasad is not offered during the 21 days preceding the Ratha Yatra, as the Lord goes into quarantine due to sickness and thus needs rest during that period.</span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;">Dried rice Mahaprasad known as “Nirmalya” is also used by devotees and tourists for different sacred occasions.</span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgou0aDpGGY/X4mSnOhI6GI/AAAAAAAAFKs/crTsLarX7ikYDqUvVnOxxdnYS7dClQppwCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/j2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="768" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgou0aDpGGY/X4mSnOhI6GI/AAAAAAAAFKs/crTsLarX7ikYDqUvVnOxxdnYS7dClQppwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/j2.jpg" /></span></a></p><h3 style="margin: 1em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The main 56 items of CHAPANA BHOGA or MAHAPRASAD are as follows:</span></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">1. Sadha Anna – Simple Rice water</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">2. Kanika – Rice, Ghee and Sugar</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">3. Dahi Pakhal – Curd Rice and water</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">4. Ada Pakhal – Rice, Ginger and water</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">5. Thali Khechedi – Lentil, Rice with Sugar and Ghee</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">6. Ghea Anna – Rice mixed with Ghee</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">7. Khechedi – Rice mixed with Lentil</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">8. Mitha Pakhal – Rice , Sugar and water</span><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">9. Oria Pakhal – Rice, Ghee, Lemon and Salt</span></span></p><h3 style="margin: 1em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet;">Sweets</span></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">10. Khaja – Made of wheat<br />11. Gaja – Made of wheat, sugar and Ghee<br />12. Ladu – Made of wheat, sugar and Ghee<br />13. Magaja Ladu<br />14. Jeera Ladu<br />15. Jagannath Ballav – Wheat, Sugar and Ghee<br />16. Khuruma – Made of wheat, Sugar and Salt<br />17. Mathapuli – Made of Ghee, Ginger and a kind of beans ground in to a thick paste<br />18. Kakara – Made of Ghee and Wheat<br />19. Marichi Ladu – Made of Wheat and Sugar<br />20. Luni Khuruma – Made of Wheat, Ghee and Salt<br />(Onreturn of Bahuda Yatra during Suna Vesha, Rasagolla are offered as Bhogas but on no other day Rasagollas are allowed for Bhog)</span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V-J10g1AwxE/X4mSoPB6abI/AAAAAAAAFK4/wXzZ9rl-EcAox4vstp11QZ3dFvNuCoPkACLcBGAsYHQ/s700/j5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="700" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V-J10g1AwxE/X4mSoPB6abI/AAAAAAAAFK4/wXzZ9rl-EcAox4vstp11QZ3dFvNuCoPkACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/j5.jpg" /></span></a></p><h4 style="margin: 1em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;">Cakes, Pancakes and Patties</span></h4><p style="margin: 1em 0px 0px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: medium;">21. Suar Pitha – Made of wheat and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">22. Chadai Lada – Made of Wheat, Ghee and Sugar</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">23. Jhilli – Rice Flour, Ghee and Sugar</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">24. Kanti – Rice Flour and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">25. Manda – Made of wheat and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">26. Amalu – Made of wheat, ghee and sugar</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">27. Puri – Made of wheat and Ghee and deeply fried like a small thin pan cake</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">28. Luchi – Made of Rice, Flour and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">29. Bara – Made of Curd, Ghee and a kind of beans</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">30. Dahi Bara – Cake made of a kind of a beans and curd</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">31. Arisa – A flat cake made of Rice flour and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">32. Tripuri – Another flat cake made of Rice, Flour and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">33. Rosapaik – A cake made of wheat and</span><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Milk Preparations</span></span></h4><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: medium;">34. Khiri – Milk, Sugar with Rice</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">35. Papudi – Prepared from only the cream of milk</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">36. Khua – Prepared out of Pure Milk slowly boiled over many hours to a soft custard like consistency</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">37. Rasabali – Made of Milk, Sugar and Wheat</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">38. Tadia – Made of fresh cheese, sugar and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">39. Chhena Khai – Made of fresh Cheese, milk and sugar</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">40. Bapudi Khaja – cream of milk, sugar and ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">41. Khua Manda – Made of milk, wheat and Ghee</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">42. Sarapulli – This is the most famous and most difficult milk dish to prepare. It is made of pure milk boiled slowly for hours and spread in to a large pizza shaped pan.</span><br /></span><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Curry with Vegetables</span></span></h4><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;"><span style="font-size: medium;">43. Dali</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">44. Biri dali</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">45. Urid Dal</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">46. Muga Dal</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">47. Dalama – This is one of the typical dishes in Oriya Home. It is a combination of Dahl and Vegetable. Usually eggplant, beans, sweet potato and tomatoes, although tomatoes are not used in Temple preparations. Coconuts and a dried root of vegetables known as Bodhi which looks like a mush room and is high in protein are added.</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">48. Maur</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">49. Besar</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">50. Sag – A spinch dish</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">51. Potala Rasa</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">52. Goti Baigana</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">53. Khata</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">54. Raita – a yogurt like dish with curd and radish.</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">55. Pita</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">56. Baigilni</span></span><p></p><p style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; margin: 1em 0px 0px;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LMFYHVZ4Suk/X4mSn6oOY_I/AAAAAAAAFK0/CY4F4J0W9l0mZV4I4azkfzhVzowIUyguwCLcBGAsYHQ/s720/j4.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="720" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LMFYHVZ4Suk/X4mSn6oOY_I/AAAAAAAAFK0/CY4F4J0W9l0mZV4I4azkfzhVzowIUyguwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/j4.jpg" /></a></p><p style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; margin: 1em 0px 0px;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; margin: 1em 0px 0px;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-25873252844285994252020-09-21T17:49:00.005+05:302023-09-17T12:29:00.144+05:30Unakoti, Kailashahar, Tripura<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">Unakoti, Kailashahar (Tripura) is a Saivite pilgrimage site and dates back to
at least 7th – 9th centuries. Images of Ganesh, Shiva, Chaturmukha Linga
and Vishnu also found there. Unakoti means one less than a crore and it is
said that these many rock cut carvings are available here.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><img alt="File:Unakoti 3.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Unakoti_3.jpg/800px-Unakoti_3.jpg" /></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt;">These carvings are located at a beautifully landscaped forest
area with green vegetation all around which add to the beauty of the
carvings. The images found at Unakoti are of two types, namely rock-carved
figures and stone images. Among the rock cut carvings, the central Shiva head
and gigantic Ganesha figures deserve special mention. The central Shiva head
known as ‘Unakotiswara Kal Bhairava’ is about 30 feet high including an
embroidered head-dress which itself is 10 feet high. On each side of the
head-dress of the central Shiva, there are two full size female figures – one
of Durga standing on a lion and another female figure on the other side. In
addition three enormous images of Nandi Bull are found half buried in the
ground. There are various other stone as well as rock-cut images at
Unakoti.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Story</span></span></h1><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">Unakoti means one less than a crore and it is said that these many rock cut
carvings are available here. As per Hindu mythology, when Lord Shiva was
going to Kashi along with one crore gods and goddesses he made a night halt
at this location. He asked all the gods and goddesses to wake up before sun
rise and proceed for Kashi. It is said that in the morning, except Shiva
himself, no one else could get up so Lord Shiva set out for Kashi himself
cursing the others to become stone images. As a result we have one less than
a crore stone images and carvings at Unakoti.</span></div></span><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><img src="https://www.thebetterindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/unakoti-ganesha.jpg" /></p>
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<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> History</span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt;">The former princely state of Tripura was ruled by
Maharajas of Manikya dynasty. It was an independent administrative unit under
the Maharaja even during the British rule in India. As per Rajmala, the royal
chronology of Tripura, a total of 184 kings ruled over the state before it
merged with the Indian Union on October 15 1949.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><img src="https://i0.wp.com/www.rvatemples.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/unakoti1_TI.jpg?fit=1024%2C704&ssl=1" /></p>
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</tbody></table><br /><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Unakoti_6.jpg/800px-Unakoti_6.jpg" /><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></div>
Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-15457709469497475062020-09-19T00:21:00.001+05:302023-09-17T12:29:49.598+05:30Eran: Witness to Vedic, Buddhist & Gupta Period<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bq2ecqlOsWo/XvYbxX_hryI/AAAAAAAADys/oRgHtjoAQC0zm_a0Ee5l5N8hFIeXyyK7gCK4BGAsYHg/s960/102.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="960" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bq2ecqlOsWo/XvYbxX_hryI/AAAAAAAADys/oRgHtjoAQC0zm_a0Ee5l5N8hFIeXyyK7gCK4BGAsYHg/d/102.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; line-height: 2;"><span style="line-height: 2;"><font size="5">Eran is a unique site as it is mentioned in Vedic, Buddhist & Gupta period literature.</font></span></span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Eran is an ancient town and archaeological site in Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, India.</span><br />
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The site has 5th and 6th-century Gupta era temples and monuments.</span><br />
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: large;">During 600 B.C , Eran Was Part of Chedi Janpada. In Pali-language Buddhist texts, it is listed as one of the sixteen mahajanapadas.</span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">According to the Mahabharata, the Chedi Kingdom was ruled by Shishupala, an ally of Jarasandha of Magadha and Duryodhana of Kuru. He was a rival of Vasudeva Krishna who was his uncle's son.</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; display: inline;"> He was killed by Vasudeva Krishna during the Rajasuya sacrifice of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. Bhima's wife was from Chedi. Prominent Chedis during the Kurukshetra War included Damaghosha, Shishupala, Dhrishtaketu, Suketu, Sarabha, Bhima's wife, Nakula's wife Karenumati.</span></span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: large;">(Above) Pictures of Lord Vishnu & Varaha.</span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">Inscription on the neck of Varaha</span></div>
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<font face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The Colossal Varaha at Eran is the earliest known iconography for the Varaha avatar of Vishnu. The scene shown is the return of Varaha after he had successfully killed the oppressive demon Hiranyaksha, found and rescued goddess earth (Prithivi, Bhudevi), and the goddess is back safely. The Eran Varaha statue is significant for several reasons:</div></span>
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<li style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">It shows the importance and popularity of Vaishnavism and its legend of Vishnu avatars.</font></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">The statue includes goddess earth hanging by the boar's right tusk; she has a tidy hairdo bun, has a turban that is bejeweled, her face calm</font></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">The floor is carved to depict the ocean (<i style="line-height: 1.5;">samudra</i>) with serpents and sealife, a reminder of the oppressive demon who attacks dharma legend</font></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">On the body of the Varaha are carved sages and saints of Hinduism identified by their simple robes, pointy beards and hair knotted up like <i>sadhus</i>, by they holding kamandalu water pot in one hand and with a yoga mudra in the other, symbolizing knowledge needing protection and god's benevolence when attacked by the oppressive demon Hiranyaksh.</font></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">The Varaha's tongue is sticking out slightly, on it is standing a small goddess who has been interpreted as Saraswati. </font></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 1.5;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">In his ears are shown celestial musicians.</font></span></li>
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color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); 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color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div>
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Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-39161244171196495702020-09-16T21:16:00.001+05:302023-09-17T12:30:40.545+05:30Buddhist Mummy in India<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr><td style="background: rgb(255, 80, 80); border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: yellow;">The Indian Mummy</span></b></span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3IDUqDf50DM/X2IutDu6TqI/AAAAAAAAE3M/zsHJUpQ84lIE9uirm1pSaDYxkuqraBcpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/70.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="769" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3IDUqDf50DM/X2IutDu6TqI/AAAAAAAAE3M/zsHJUpQ84lIE9uirm1pSaDYxkuqraBcpgCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/70.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br /></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 24px; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="color: red;">The Indian Mummy: "The one and only Buddhist Mummy" in India, sitting in a mysterious manner at Gue village of Spiti valley. This is a naturally preserved mummy, and done with self sacrifice. There are 11 such mummies around the world, all are Buddhists and mostly at Japan, Tibet and India has this one.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 24px; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="color: red;">Nestled deep within the Trans-Himalayan cold desert of the jazed in Himachal Pradesh is the tiny village of Gue which is relatively unknown and unheard of in the traveller circuit. The village of Gue is situated at an altitude or around l0,499 feet above sea-level and is only a few kilometres away from the Indo-china border. Gue also houses India's only known naturally preserved mummy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 24px; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="color: red;">The villagers still believe in the mummy as their living god and worship the mummy for guidance. The mummy is in a squatting position dressed in silk robes. The teeth and hair are still well preserved and the mummy is kept in a glass chamber in a small enclosure close to the Gompa or monastery in Gue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="color: red;"></span></o:p></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 24px; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face="Trebuchet MS, sans-serif" style="color: red;">According to local beliefs, the mummy is believed to be that of a holy man or lama named Sangha Tenzin who decided to sacrifice his life for the well-being of his village. It is believed that the lama took upon himself to save his village from a plague of scorpions. Villagers believe when the lama's soul left his body there was a rainbow in the sky after which the village was free from scorpions. The villagers still believe in the mummy as their living god and worship the mummy for guidance.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #1c1e21;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ibB0kS4riNs/X2IxPpfi91I/AAAAAAAAE3g/Mgs7PTixWxgz-ODt6HF2RW0liwW6dTE1wCLcBGAsYHQ/s742/mummy1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="742" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ibB0kS4riNs/X2IxPpfi91I/AAAAAAAAE3g/Mgs7PTixWxgz-ODt6HF2RW0liwW6dTE1wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/mummy1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); 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text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div></h2></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-50626230900381761792020-09-03T00:36:00.005+05:302023-09-17T12:32:58.010+05:30"Unity In Diversity" Is From a Javanese Poem<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dqOQUycOSq0/X0_EHlUimbI/AAAAAAAAExI/hcovfkVrkR850WM94CpvxgtOmJDi1VtlwCLcBGAsYHQ/s871/Indonesia_Garuda.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="871" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dqOQUycOSq0/X0_EHlUimbI/AAAAAAAAExI/hcovfkVrkR850WM94CpvxgtOmJDi1VtlwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Indonesia_Garuda.png" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><u><span face="" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: x-large;">BHINNEKA TUNGGAL IKA</span></span></u></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Phrase "Unity in
Diversity" is from a Sanskritic Javanese poem that says the Buddha and
Śiva may appear different, but are yet the same? It is the official motto of Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</span><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the
official national motto of Indonesia. The phrase in Old Javanese translates as
"Unity in Diversity". It is inscribed in the
Indonesian national symbol, Garuda Pancasila and is mentioned specifically in article 36A
of the Constitution of Indonesia.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The name of Garuda is inspired by a
mythical bird, the mount of Lord Vishnu and the Buddhist gold bird king, King
Garuda. It is a quotation from an Old Javanese poem </span><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Kakawin Sutasoma</span><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, written by </span><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Mpu Tantular </span><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">during the reign of the </span><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Majapahit empire </span><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sometime in the 14th
century, under the reign of King </span><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Rājasanagara</span><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, also
known as </span><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Hayam Wuruk</span><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.
Kakawin contains epic poems written in metres. This poem is notable as it
promotes tolerance between Hindus (especially Shivaites) and Buddhists.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="q-text" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;"><br /></span></p><p class="q-text" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">These
words are spoken by Lord Shiva in Sutasoma . </span><span face="" style="background-color: transparent; color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14pt;">This
quotation comes from canto 139, stanza 5. The full stanza reads as follows:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Hæng
dhâtu winuwæs Buddha Wiswa,<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Bhinnêki
rakwa ring apan kena parwanœsen,<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Nangda
khong Jinatuaa khlawan Hokwatatwa tunggal,<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Bhinneka
tunggal ika tæng hana dharma mangrwa.</span></i><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span face="" style="background-color: #fcff01; color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">It
is said that the well-known Buddha and Shiva are two different substances,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span face="" style="background-color: #fcff01; color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">They
are indeed different, yet how is it possible to recognise their difference in a
glance,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span face="" style="background-color: #fcff01; color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">For
the truth of Jina (Buddha) and Shiva is singular,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span face="" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">divide
it, but it’s still one. There is no ambiguity in the truth.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>STORY</u></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: 14pt;">Narrated, Sutasoma is a Sanghyang
Buddha incarnation that teaches humans to control feelings. He doesn’t like to
be a king. Therefore, Sutasoma fled from the palace in his search for the truth
so that he eventually became a prophet of Buddhism.</span></p><p class="q-text" style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In another heaven, the giant king of
Purusada who likes to eat human flesh promised to present 100 kings to Kala if
his wound was healed. When he already gathered all the kings, Kala refused to
eat them. He wanted to eat Sutasoma instead. Then, Purusada fought him and
because Sutasoma didn't fight back, he was captured. After that he was
dedicated to Kala. Sutasoma is willing to be eaten as long as the 100 kings are
all released.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="q-text" style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Finally, Kala and Purusada were very
deeply moved by Sutasoma’s virtue and all the kings were released. Since then,
Purusada promised to never eat human flesh again. Lord Shiva who incarnated
into Purusada leaves the giant's body because he realizes that Sutasoma is the
Buddha.</span></p><p class="q-text" style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="q-text" style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-46523585980668619412020-08-09T01:39:00.005+05:302023-09-17T12:34:00.482+05:30 Ancient Indian Hair-Styles<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">Ancient Indian hair-styles as seen through sculptures & archaeology are presented here. </span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DQpq9au7SKI/Xy7W_5fHH5I/AAAAAAAAEnk/LfsLffGtoVoK3FdQ_huv1ZrKwcRFnv7_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s600/h14.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DQpq9au7SKI/Xy7W_5fHH5I/AAAAAAAAEnk/LfsLffGtoVoK3FdQ_huv1ZrKwcRFnv7_QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h640/h14.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Ancient Indian Hair-Styles<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Bhu Varaha Swami Temple, Chidambaram, tamil Nadu.</font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Initially build by Medival Cholas</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tEYcskjJ7LE/Xy7W-KRwi_I/AAAAAAAAEnU/SF-tEjNoPEMZBPEARBDaMy2dtmYy3aLqQCLcBGAsYHQ/s752/h10.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="752" data-original-width="564" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tEYcskjJ7LE/Xy7W-KRwi_I/AAAAAAAAEnU/SF-tEjNoPEMZBPEARBDaMy2dtmYy3aLqQCLcBGAsYHQ/w240-h320/h10.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="240" /></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">An Unknown Sculpture.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RTCP4bBm9Zo/Xy7W-JqnUGI/AAAAAAAAEnY/CJaFuHCHo2gNu3LwWdf6kF_PO-SNSwQZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s540/h1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="540" height="257" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RTCP4bBm9Zo/Xy7W-JqnUGI/AAAAAAAAEnY/CJaFuHCHo2gNu3LwWdf6kF_PO-SNSwQZQCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h257/h1.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="320" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">A 12th Century Sculpture, MP.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i1oEuobYT3c/Xy7XAUfyW7I/AAAAAAAAEns/0x9cc1nu_sAbFajAt8Rh1CsICb6b0kVZgCLcBGAsYHQ/s540/h2%2B12centuryMP.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="540" height="172" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i1oEuobYT3c/Xy7XAUfyW7I/AAAAAAAAEns/0x9cc1nu_sAbFajAt8Rh1CsICb6b0kVZgCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h172/h2%2B12centuryMP.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="320" /></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Bodhi Tree : Depicting different hair-do.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rEhJI-lcIDc/Xy7XBN51D5I/AAAAAAAAEnw/uxiLijfc7OcKOO1TH-T8TiUDG8mCi-30QCLcBGAsYHQ/s750/h4%2BBodhiTree.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="750" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rEhJI-lcIDc/Xy7XBN51D5I/AAAAAAAAEnw/uxiLijfc7OcKOO1TH-T8TiUDG8mCi-30QCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h240/h4%2BBodhiTree.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="320" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Yakshi under a flowering Asoka Tree.</font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Shunga Period, 2nd-1st Century BC.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6VpwuAG9Z3s/Xy7XCpGInUI/AAAAAAAAEn4/MGg_oZab_U0obdKcPVCMyfPtKII4_bOWgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1496/h6-Yakshi%2Bunder%2Ba%2Bflowering%2Basoka%2Btree%2BShunga%252C%2B2nd-1st%2Bcentury%2BBC.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="1496" data-original-width="949" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6VpwuAG9Z3s/Xy7XCpGInUI/AAAAAAAAEn4/MGg_oZab_U0obdKcPVCMyfPtKII4_bOWgCLcBGAsYHQ/w203-h320/h6-Yakshi%2Bunder%2Ba%2Bflowering%2Basoka%2Btree%2BShunga%252C%2B2nd-1st%2Bcentury%2BBC.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="203" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">From Mohenjodaro. Indus Valley Civilization.</span></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7WKP6w2is0g/Xy7XC766nxI/AAAAAAAAEoA/LKYaB-yCY78NwDupX8Vacw7kWYQrCJn1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s521/h8%2Bmohejodaro.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="518" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7WKP6w2is0g/Xy7XC766nxI/AAAAAAAAEoA/LKYaB-yCY78NwDupX8Vacw7kWYQrCJn1ACLcBGAsYHQ/w318-h320/h8%2Bmohejodaro.png" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="318" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">A 12th Century Sculpture.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p0h4CDyEGLg/Xy7XD74aL1I/AAAAAAAAEoE/np9v6JGhE6Q0KOxR5c8iwW0tODFjGIwFACLcBGAsYHQ/s314/h9%2B12century.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="236" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p0h4CDyEGLg/Xy7XD74aL1I/AAAAAAAAEoE/np9v6JGhE6Q0KOxR5c8iwW0tODFjGIwFACLcBGAsYHQ/w241-h320/h9%2B12century.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="241" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Ajanta Fresco Showing Hair-do & Jewelry.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N6uEUxhVsXY/Xy7XAdfS6PI/AAAAAAAAEno/Et32SASQ3bc2cqS51duT6Xq_0u5gbjnLACLcBGAsYHQ/s503/h3%2BAjanta%2BFresco.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="503" height="296" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N6uEUxhVsXY/Xy7XAdfS6PI/AAAAAAAAEno/Et32SASQ3bc2cqS51duT6Xq_0u5gbjnLACLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h296/h3%2BAjanta%2BFresco.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="320" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Yakshi Statue in the Bihar Museum.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S-GBxUTf_Do/Xy7XBebtlwI/AAAAAAAAEn0/mQElkh4lGagCf2-8jeXWGtZAuIR9X_kTgCLcBGAsYHQ/s694/h5-Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="320" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S-GBxUTf_Do/Xy7XBebtlwI/AAAAAAAAEn0/mQElkh4lGagCf2-8jeXWGtZAuIR9X_kTgCLcBGAsYHQ/w185-h400/h5-Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="185" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Dancing Girl Mohinjodaro</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OnzX-gWDIoI/Xy7W-Kmpm-I/AAAAAAAAEnQ/7cJ85vSr74sKOP4xl_LxDe1FNZD-GlAOQCLcBGAsYHQ/s606/h11%2Bdancing%2Bgirl%2Bmohinjodaro.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="606" height="290" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OnzX-gWDIoI/Xy7W-Kmpm-I/AAAAAAAAEnQ/7cJ85vSr74sKOP4xl_LxDe1FNZD-GlAOQCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h290/h11%2Bdancing%2Bgirl%2Bmohinjodaro.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="320" /></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">A Gandhar Sculpture.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UjgCcUBoirA/Xy7W_eO7d1I/AAAAAAAAEnc/7MQTl6xVhs8-zsd1k2mcr0T8Jpfpy_IHwCLcBGAsYHQ/s343/h13-gandhar.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="236" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UjgCcUBoirA/Xy7W_eO7d1I/AAAAAAAAEnc/7MQTl6xVhs8-zsd1k2mcr0T8Jpfpy_IHwCLcBGAsYHQ/w220-h320/h13-gandhar.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="220" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: "times new roman"; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">A Kushan Sculpture.</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LY4iNpA0uL8/Xy7uqAj1EpI/AAAAAAAAEoo/x9fQ_SfZe1k79XYIDQTUGw6fxIONqZLBACLcBGAsYHQ/s1300/h12-kushan.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="873" data-original-width="1300" height="215" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LY4iNpA0uL8/Xy7uqAj1EpI/AAAAAAAAEoo/x9fQ_SfZe1k79XYIDQTUGw6fxIONqZLBACLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h215/h12-kushan.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"></font></div><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Barhut Stupa - Maurya Period 3rd BCE</font></o:p></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N6lViNEUucw/Xy72eiv9hEI/AAAAAAAAEo4/U93hvT55amgvvVEyWQMtkWymgDid4x0JACLcBGAsYHQ/s245/h15%2BBarhut%2BStupa%2B-%2BMaurya%2BPeriod%2B3rd%2BBCE.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="206" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N6lViNEUucw/Xy72eiv9hEI/AAAAAAAAEo4/U93hvT55amgvvVEyWQMtkWymgDid4x0JACLcBGAsYHQ/w269-h320/h15%2BBarhut%2BStupa%2B-%2BMaurya%2BPeriod%2B3rd%2BBCE.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="269" /></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Bharhut </font></o:p><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Sunga Period Sculpture Showing 'An Individual'.</span></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvQ8FgmA2pM/Xy72elpvCeI/AAAAAAAAEo0/mnheE-6FcsYrSSjUXocYS3IMhi1hST3OgCLcBGAsYHQ/s599/h16%2BBharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="570" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvQ8FgmA2pM/Xy72elpvCeI/AAAAAAAAEo0/mnheE-6FcsYrSSjUXocYS3IMhi1hST3OgCLcBGAsYHQ/w305-h320/h16%2BBharhut_Sunga_individual.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="305" /></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yUUeuM2W23U/Xy7XCoKpMBI/AAAAAAAAEn8/VmInBJsuc4Q6jlP5Cb8zncUC2gPxjzzSgCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/h7.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /><img alt="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="680" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yUUeuM2W23U/Xy7XCoKpMBI/AAAAAAAAEn8/VmInBJsuc4Q6jlP5Cb8zncUC2gPxjzzSgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/h7.jpg" title="Ancient Indian Hair-Styles" width="640" /></a></div><p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="6"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b>___ XXX ___</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></div><h1 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b><u style="background-color: #fcff01;">For More: <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/2020/07/ancient-indian-life-style.html">Ancient-Indian-Life-Style.</a></u></b></span></h1><div><span style="color: red;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com1Unnamed Road, Mavai, Madhya Pradesh 472339, India24.7915756 78.9400943-6.9055018729438764 43.7838443 56.488653072943876 114.0963443tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-19983971507223080902020-08-03T01:09:00.004+05:302023-09-17T12:54:59.851+05:30Kurukshetra & Linga Parvata of Champasak, Laos.<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A Story of Forgotten Kurukshetra & Linga Parvata of Champasak Province, Laos - 1500 yrs ago & 1000 miles from India.</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kEyNkgXSE_k/XyR22wwpH0I/AAAAAAAAEjM/M2hajiw8iuw_sv137V8qiel1GlQGpxgBwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Linga_Parvata_Laos_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="640" height="410" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kEyNkgXSE_k/XyR22wwpH0I/AAAAAAAAEjM/M2hajiw8iuw_sv137V8qiel1GlQGpxgBwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h410/Linga_Parvata_Laos_.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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</tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><font color="#2b00fe"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><br /></span></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: none; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HWpbNJMTOLE/XyV-csqInDI/AAAAAAAAEkU/ao1C9oVsfx4VN80E-wL-FdNazopxhYSuQCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/1.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HWpbNJMTOLE/XyV-csqInDI/AAAAAAAAEkU/ao1C9oVsfx4VN80E-wL-FdNazopxhYSuQCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h320/1.png" width="320" /></a> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g0DYyUF-ufI/XyV-V65iomI/AAAAAAAAEjw/B47pnHSMVZk3g3lU_u4lML9fmv2RUSv3wCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/2.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="306" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g0DYyUF-ufI/XyV-V65iomI/AAAAAAAAEjw/B47pnHSMVZk3g3lU_u4lML9fmv2RUSv3wCLcBGAsYHQ/w272-h320/2.png" width="272" /></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><font face="trebuchet" size="5">There is a mountain called LINGPARVAT with natural ‘linga’ (almost
10 meter high on top) in Champasak province, Laos.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EcSj1UG0nTQ/XyR221A8RsI/AAAAAAAAEjY/3hBnCnMAKG0kOA--7XATDFtdrAEOKTtmgCPcBGAYYCw/s335/Linga_Parvata.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="228" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EcSj1UG0nTQ/XyR221A8RsI/AAAAAAAAEjY/3hBnCnMAKG0kOA--7XATDFtdrAEOKTtmgCPcBGAYYCw/s0/Linga_Parvata.jpg" /></a></div> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bov2svsk9L8/XyV-W6H97YI/AAAAAAAAEj8/rqxFORSNWwwCzFN4Mz3VXQglveus15rdQCLcBGAsYHQ/s305/4.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="242" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bov2svsk9L8/XyV-W6H97YI/AAAAAAAAEj8/rqxFORSNWwwCzFN4Mz3VXQglveus15rdQCLcBGAsYHQ/w254-h320/4.jpg" width="254" /></a><p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><font size="5">Some 1500 years ago a King named Devanika decided to create a new
TIRTH and named it 'New Kurukshetra' in this territory. The king himself states in an inscription that he was inspired by Bramha, Vishnu & Shiva.</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-is5EezCNRpA/XyV-XJjvouI/AAAAAAAAEkA/b4MVVcpUJysisxUfrbUNo3YomqRI8cRgwCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/5.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QIKfW1FGjcI/XyV-XN7lVFI/AAAAAAAAEkE/rFmsyWEPXoAo3HDXKXn1cYKOd5bM7KdVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="360" height="395" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QIKfW1FGjcI/XyV-XN7lVFI/AAAAAAAAEkE/rFmsyWEPXoAo3HDXKXn1cYKOd5bM7KdVgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h395/6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><font size="5">Around 400 AD King Devanika built city Shreshthapur and also built A
temple called Wat Phu.</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Upksfo_TScA/XyV-XnGm3wI/AAAAAAAAEkI/SYNdHuwsS5oyL7eN8dpYpgua-tgm5RykACLcBGAsYHQ/s360/7.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="360" height="170" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Upksfo_TScA/XyV-XnGm3wI/AAAAAAAAEkI/SYNdHuwsS5oyL7eN8dpYpgua-tgm5RykACLcBGAsYHQ/w256-h170/7.jpg" width="256" /></a> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SbBXmQRLHdo/XyV-X3qr63I/AAAAAAAAEkM/UGnVQp_4Xy06seivVMHqcvfusZq_naIkACLcBGAsYHQ/s680/8.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="680" height="170" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SbBXmQRLHdo/XyV-X3qr63I/AAAAAAAAEkM/UGnVQp_4Xy06seivVMHqcvfusZq_naIkACLcBGAsYHQ/w256-h170/8.jpg" width="256" /></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><font size="5">Later it became the part of Khmer Empire of Kambuja Desa (modern
Combodia) but the area retained same spiritual significance.</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-is5EezCNRpA/XyV-XJjvouI/AAAAAAAAEkA/b4MVVcpUJysisxUfrbUNo3YomqRI8cRgwCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-is5EezCNRpA/XyV-XJjvouI/AAAAAAAAEkA/b4MVVcpUJysisxUfrbUNo3YomqRI8cRgwCLcBGAsYHQ/d/5.jpg" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><font size="5"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">A new city called Lingapuram was established nearby and a royal
road directly linked this tirtha to new capital city of Angkor vat. Over time
Khmer emperors endowed it with impressive temples, palaces, tanks & roads. </span><b><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></font></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yKVnkqLR4GA/XyV-UwOR_iI/AAAAAAAAEjk/JvDgPtWiBsEgffVo8OGHg8RXJFilKeI0gCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/11.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yKVnkqLR4GA/XyV-UwOR_iI/AAAAAAAAEjk/JvDgPtWiBsEgffVo8OGHg8RXJFilKeI0gCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/11.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="195" data-original-width="360" height="135" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yKVnkqLR4GA/XyV-UwOR_iI/AAAAAAAAEjk/JvDgPtWiBsEgffVo8OGHg8RXJFilKeI0gCLcBGAsYHQ/w250-h135/11.jpg" width="250" /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XQPY5Al5JRs/XyV-Uwk1IbI/AAAAAAAAEjg/mEiEBbB0NrUBMUOGAo_DEJDltKn_8b_rACLcBGAsYHQ/s360/12.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="360" height="154" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XQPY5Al5JRs/XyV-Uwk1IbI/AAAAAAAAEjg/mEiEBbB0NrUBMUOGAo_DEJDltKn_8b_rACLcBGAsYHQ/w256-h154/12.jpg" width="256" /></a><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /> </span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><font size="5">This new Kurukshetra of S E Asia remained a spiritual centre for
Hindus of Kambuja Desa for over 1000 yrs till the decline of Hinduism. </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CM2BAjditxs/XyV-U0zHJYI/AAAAAAAAEjo/1mJrS-1vOh8unu-Y9BsH0fLD64rS6aJ6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/10.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="270" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CM2BAjditxs/XyV-U0zHJYI/AAAAAAAAEjo/1mJrS-1vOh8unu-Y9BsH0fLD64rS6aJ6wCLcBGAsYHQ/w240-h320/10.jpg" width="240" /></a> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zwXBVOrmA_8/XyV-VtVYieI/AAAAAAAAEjs/vs98QTpypYAdpLnOyn-05ytpZnH-4O1SgCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/13.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="360" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zwXBVOrmA_8/XyV-VtVYieI/AAAAAAAAEjs/vs98QTpypYAdpLnOyn-05ytpZnH-4O1SgCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h213/13.jpg" width="320" /></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"><font size="5">It shows how well entrenched Indian civilization was in South East
Asia during ancient times.</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iZSIwx7v_54/XyV-VzqpIaI/AAAAAAAAEj0/UWqLowL5DMcAwZg3C_q0n65r72dveS0kwCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/14.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iZSIwx7v_54/XyV-VzqpIaI/AAAAAAAAEj0/UWqLowL5DMcAwZg3C_q0n65r72dveS0kwCLcBGAsYHQ/d/14.jpg" /></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="background: rgb(239, 211, 210); border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;"><font size="5"><b><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="color: red;">The site later became a centre of Theravada Buddhist worship, which
it remains today.</span></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#2b00fe">THE STORY OF </font></span></b><b><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"><font color="#2b00fe">LINGPARVAT &</font></span></b><b><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#2b00fe"> KURUKSHETRA </font></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the early start of the 1st
millennium, the region now forming Cambodia and Laos was ruled by the Champa
dynasty of kings. They were called the Cham rulers. In 400 AD, the Cham King
Devanika faced constant attacks from invaders coming from near the South China
Sea. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">One day, very fearful and
dejected about losing, King Devanika wandered into the forests in deep thought
and worry. Tired, worn out and with depressing thoughts, Devanika took refuge
in a mountain cave. An old wise sage, who was meditating in that cave, saw the
dejected Devanika sitting down in a slump, and in his booming voice addressed
the emperor – “Glory be to the divine powers. O King! What brings you here. King
Devanika immediately fell at his feet and poured out his heart to the wise man
“Oh wise sage, attackers are annexing my territory. My people are being killed
and their families are being broken. I am at fault, because I have been
incapable of protecting my people! It is a shame O great sage!”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The omniscient wise man just
smiled and said “O almighty king, the time has come for you to regain your
glory in a new land. Did you know that Lord Shiva himself has descended from
the heavens and taken abode atop a mountain? The lingam stands resplendent in
the rising sun. Go and find the Lord, O King! Build a stately temple that is as
majestic as Lord Shiva himself. Worship that lingam, and all your former glory
will be restored. You shall build a new empire, your progeny shall flourish and
dharma shall be established. Go! Do not waste precious time in lamenting thus!
With the grace of the Lord, anything can be achieved” King Devanika’s courage
was restored by the auspicious words of the sage. He bowed to him in deep
respect and set out for his search.</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> King Devanika assembled
his troubled people, and they all began their pilgrimage in search of Lord
Shiva. After several weeks of tiring journey, they arrived at the base of a
tall mountain and decided to camp for the night. At dawn, the golden rays of
the sun began to escape the horizon and lit up the sky in a beautiful tint of
red. Devanika was awakened by the chirping birds, and he stood up, rubbing his
eyes and lo! On the top of that very same mountain stood the lingam glowing in
the golden rays of the rising sun. He was stunned by this breath-taking view.
When everyone awoke, they celebrated for having found the abode of Lord Shiva.</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As foretold by the sage,
Devanika had found the new land where he had to establish his dharmic rule.
Inspired by the principles set forth in the Mahabharata war, he named this
land <b>“New Kurukshetra”.</b> The mountain was named “<b>Lingaparvata</b>” (the mountain of the
linga). Devanika established his new empire with </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">Shreshthapur </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">as his
capital. The people that lived in the region along with the people who came
with Devanika, became the forerunners of the prosperous Khmer people.</span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A huge temple called Wat Phu
was also built. </span></b><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wat Phu exists even today. The original buildings were replace
around 11<sup>th</sup> century but it is in ruins. If the ruins themselves are
so majestic and astounding in their architecture, we can only perceive how
magnificent the original temple would have been. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahabharata had happened in
3102 BCE. King Devanika had found the lingaparvata in 456 CE. 4800 years after
the great war. The Khmer kings that followed Devanika were also very
prosperous, until their decline in 14th century was caused by western
aggression. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background: rgb(253, 233, 217); border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#2b00fe">Glories of Kurukshetra ( Kurukshetra Mahtmya )<o:p></o:p></font></span></b></p>
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</tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yr_t9_eBumM/XyV-WfiyquI/AAAAAAAAEj4/1YvbMjRnUGMnZoCYLl8YNPnzfzxFzzyRACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="266" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yr_t9_eBumM/XyV-WfiyquI/AAAAAAAAEj4/1YvbMjRnUGMnZoCYLl8YNPnzfzxFzzyRACLcBGAsYHQ/w426-h640/3.jpg" width="426" /></a><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"> A stone inscription describes the glories of Kurukshetra (Kurukshetra mahtmya) 1000 miles away from India in the following words.</span></p></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wcbJATecHx8/XyW1LKqzv0I/AAAAAAAAElI/oi3w0Fe3wGwmskdTUntp8PzxSDxY0urqACLcBGAsYHQ/s786/x.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="786" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wcbJATecHx8/XyW1LKqzv0I/AAAAAAAAElI/oi3w0Fe3wGwmskdTUntp8PzxSDxY0urqACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/x.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NWyk2L7JXEg/XyW1LPGVFZI/AAAAAAAAElE/xe-EuE6ge081_BMRXz6YueyyPjUEayjugCLcBGAsYHQ/s681/x2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="681" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NWyk2L7JXEg/XyW1LPGVFZI/AAAAAAAAElE/xe-EuE6ge081_BMRXz6YueyyPjUEayjugCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/x2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-13Eoby-9lYo/XyV-X-dnw9I/AAAAAAAAEkQ/mnK4xr5AmWQxHBUlbmoCk0MVifKsLwsogCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/9.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-13Eoby-9lYo/XyV-X-dnw9I/AAAAAAAAEkQ/mnK4xr5AmWQxHBUlbmoCk0MVifKsLwsogCLcBGAsYHQ/d/9.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-13Eoby-9lYo/XyV-X-dnw9I/AAAAAAAAEkQ/mnK4xr5AmWQxHBUlbmoCk0MVifKsLwsogCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/9.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-13Eoby-9lYo/XyV-X-dnw9I/AAAAAAAAEkQ/mnK4xr5AmWQxHBUlbmoCk0MVifKsLwsogCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/9.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-13Eoby-9lYo/XyV-X-dnw9I/AAAAAAAAEkQ/mnK4xr5AmWQxHBUlbmoCk0MVifKsLwsogCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/9.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; 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color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 15px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration: none;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p><p></p></div></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-78443744976840548402020-07-25T22:00:00.002+05:302023-09-17T12:55:37.464+05:30Four Types of Non-Devotees.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z6GTpx9AuJY/W-wR0rTgzAI/AAAAAAAABy4/h6MmGN2lAcgqvHKD4KtDzahw0C4yiYD9wCLcBGAs/s1600/darwin2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="615" height="416" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z6GTpx9AuJY/W-wR0rTgzAI/AAAAAAAABy4/h6MmGN2lAcgqvHKD4KtDzahw0C4yiYD9wCLcBGAs/w640-h416/darwin2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Charles </b><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Darwin<br /></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><font color="#3367d6" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="line-height: 1;"><span style="line-height: 1;">न</span><span style="line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1;">मां</span><span style="line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1;">दुष्कृतिनो</span><span style="line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1;">मूढाः</span><span style="line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1;">प्रपद्यन्ते</span><span style="line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1;">नराधमाः</span><span style="line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1;">।</span></font></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;">माययापहृतज्ञाना</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;">आसुरं</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;">भावमाश्रिताः</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;"> </span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1;">॥</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1; text-align: center;">na māṅ duṣkṛtinō mūḍhāḥ prapadyantē narādhamāḥ.</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1; text-align: center;">māyayāpahṛtajñānā āsuraṅ bhāvamāśritāḥ</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1; text-align: center;">৷৷</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1; text-align: center;">7.15</span><span style="color: #3367d6; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1; text-align: center;">৷৷</span></p>
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<a href="https://www.vedabase.com/en/bg/7/15"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none; color: #774d1d; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Bg 7.15</span></a><span class="views-field"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">— <span class="field-content"><span style="border: 1pt none; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Those <font color="#ff0000">miscreants </font>who are <font color="#2b00fe">grossly foolish</font>, who are <font color="#2b00fe">lowest among
mankind</font>, whose knowledge is stolen by <font color="#2b00fe">illusion</font>, and who partake of the
<font color="#2b00fe">atheistic </font>nature of demons do not surrender unto Me.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="field-content"><span style="border: 1pt none; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">(Four kinds of miscreants who don't surrender will be described further.) </span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">THEY ARE<i> DUSKRTINAH</i>, OR MISCREANTS</span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">The atheistic plan-makers are described herein by the word '<i>duskrtinah'</i>, or miscreants. <i>Krtina</i> means one who has performed
meritorious work. The atheist plan-maker is sometimes very intelligent and
meritorious also, because any gigantic plan, good or bad, must use intelligence
to execute. But because the atheist's brain is improperly utilized in opposing
the plan of the Supreme Lord, the atheistic plan maker is called <i>duskrtina</i>, which indicates that his
intelligence and efforts are misdirected.</span></span></div>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">These <i>duskrtinas</i>, or miscreants, are of four different
patterns, as outlined below.</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">(1) <i>Mudhas </i>or foolish (मूढ़ा)</span></span></b></h3></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VskjVlvtwlQ/Xvt-7mg_mSI/AAAAAAAAD84/Ny0BUpl9uMEVKM1FGtBKKxnhuFmBjZlEwCK4BGAsYHg/s400/busy2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="400" height="173" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VskjVlvtwlQ/Xvt-7mg_mSI/AAAAAAAAD84/Ny0BUpl9uMEVKM1FGtBKKxnhuFmBjZlEwCK4BGAsYHg/w256-h173/busy2.jpg" width="256" /></a><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-67q_6IfRwg8/Xvt-7I2YeiI/AAAAAAAAD80/6-Kz8cbjOBo7LB2FDP0q2-lbnRz0uLIQwCK4BGAsYHg/s1080/Busy1.jpg" style="clear: left; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-67q_6IfRwg8/Xvt-7I2YeiI/AAAAAAAAD80/6-Kz8cbjOBo7LB2FDP0q2-lbnRz0uLIQwCK4BGAsYHg/w320-h180/Busy1.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7Eb7rqvG3js/Xvt-7_61oUI/AAAAAAAAD88/I_zogl6sdKsKF_xo_UxMtdcF5Jsg9LicACK4BGAsYHg/s776/busy3.png" style="clear: left; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="776" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7Eb7rqvG3js/Xvt-7_61oUI/AAAAAAAAD88/I_zogl6sdKsKF_xo_UxMtdcF5Jsg9LicACK4BGAsYHg/d/busy3.png" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">The '</span><i style="color: blue; font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">mudhas</i><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">' are those who are </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000">grossly foolish</font></span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">, like hard-working beasts of burden. They want to enjoy the fruits of their hard labor thoroughly. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">The typical example of the beast of burden is the ass. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">In reality this humble beast is made to work very hard by his master. The ass does not really know for whom he works so hard day and night. He remains satisfied by filling his stomach with a bundle of grass, sleeping for a while under fear of being beaten by his master, and satisfying his sex appetite at the risk of being repeatedly kicked by the opposite party.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rDvp2Wjxd0o/Xvt_HR_yFtI/AAAAAAAAD9Y/AmELVdSzl0I-EWPVUD156X-44REqGozqQCK4BGAsYHg/s1200/donk2.jpg" style="clear: left; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1000" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rDvp2Wjxd0o/Xvt_HR_yFtI/AAAAAAAAD9Y/AmELVdSzl0I-EWPVUD156X-44REqGozqQCK4BGAsYHg/d/donk2.jpg" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red;">(2) <i>Naradhama</i>, or the lowest of mankind (नराधम)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h3><div><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PWKDxTD4t_o/XvuN833ufLI/AAAAAAAAD-k/3k1M3zyXH_wKVFxVJLyXqWVUYJXZ0AmMQCK4BGAsYHg/s1200/no%2Bcivil.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="1200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PWKDxTD4t_o/XvuN833ufLI/AAAAAAAAD-k/3k1M3zyXH_wKVFxVJLyXqWVUYJXZ0AmMQCK4BGAsYHg/d/no%2Bcivil.jpg" /></a></p><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S5c1-g5Vbnk/XvuOO7UX0TI/AAAAAAAAD_c/omsx112ypDQDwtnpxbJuep-_IW2WJ6AtQCK4BGAsYHg/s186/2%2Bno-morality.gif" style="clear: right; color: blue; float: right; font-size: 18.6667px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="186" height="34" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S5c1-g5Vbnk/XvuOO7UX0TI/AAAAAAAAD_c/omsx112ypDQDwtnpxbJuep-_IW2WJ6AtQCK4BGAsYHg/w34-h34/2%2Bno-morality.gif" width="34" /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Say5JRf3V9A/XvuN9KxtSRI/AAAAAAAAD-o/XSOIl3zCZRseAPWmyp9e4mH0tNOjNJVOgCK4BGAsYHg/s320/no%2Bethics.jpg" style="clear: left; color: blue; display: inline; float: left; font-size: 18.6667px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="320" height="38" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Say5JRf3V9A/XvuN9KxtSRI/AAAAAAAAD-o/XSOIl3zCZRseAPWmyp9e4mH0tNOjNJVOgCK4BGAsYHg/w42-h38/no%2Bethics.jpg" width="42" /></a><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">Another class of </span><i style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">duskrti</i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">, or miscreant, is called the '</span><i style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">naradhama</i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">', or the lowest of mankind. </span><i style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">Nara </i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">means human being, and </span><i style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">adhama </i><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><font color="#0000ff">means the lowest. There are numerous </font><font color="#ff0000">lower forms of human life that are mostly uncivilized. The civilized human beings </font><font color="#0000ff">are those who have regulative principles of social, political and religious life. </font></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">Those who are socially and politically developed, but who have no religious principles, must be considered </span><i style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">naradhamas</i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">. There is no religion without God.</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"> The purpose of following religious principles is to know the Supreme Truth and man's relation with Him.</span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aGOLFo4vaNE/W-wFDTG7G2I/AAAAAAAABxw/Yx9tI3jgK8U3p896fVMl35Ug5Z3_bVJYQCLcBGAs/s1600/tribal.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="610" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aGOLFo4vaNE/W-wFDTG7G2I/AAAAAAAABxw/Yx9tI3jgK8U3p896fVMl35Ug5Z3_bVJYQCLcBGAs/d/tribal.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: courier; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 28.08px; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">(3) <i>Mayayapahrta-jnanah</i>, or persons in illusion (मायया अपहृत ज्ञाना)</span></span></b></h3><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif"><br /></span></span></b></div></span></div>
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<font size="1"><br /></font><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T2MMjzpcmeM/W-wFQPG1f3I/AAAAAAAABx8/uDhSH9EMgMIwURhBm0Z5ZoEDwpYtx5SFQCLcBGAs/s1600/Karl-Marx.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="750" height="193" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T2MMjzpcmeM/W-wFQPG1f3I/AAAAAAAABx8/uDhSH9EMgMIwURhBm0Z5ZoEDwpYtx5SFQCLcBGAs/w320-h193/Karl-Marx.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><font size="1">Karl Marx <br /></font></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif">(4) <i>Asuram </i>or those of demonic principles (असुर)</span></span></b></h3><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 651px;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify;">The last class of <i>duskrti </i>is called '<i>asuram bhavam asritah</i>', or those of demonic principles. This class is </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000">openly atheistic</font></span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify;">. </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">They are gross materialistic persons. They believe that gratification of senses is the only purpose of life. They keep making plans for money and power till the end of their life.</span></p><div><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DwrLCjr9AHM/W-wR6XqwgbI/AAAAAAAABy8/AkW_XFQFF9kTNRHyHdFZ8p8TKnvBQjlmQCLcBGAs/s1600/stalin.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="440" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DwrLCjr9AHM/W-wR6XqwgbI/AAAAAAAABy8/AkW_XFQFF9kTNRHyHdFZ8p8TKnvBQjlmQCLcBGAs/s320/stalin.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stalin</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">Therefore the conclusion : Four types of humans </span><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">never surrender unto God in spite of all scriptural and authoritative advice.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span face=""trebuchet ms", sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">(1) grossly foolish persons - who work very hard for their masters & have 'no time'. </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XiNMwG-pQi4/W-wF2jZguvI/AAAAAAAAByg/FcT3SD6rpjM9sQP9zVggC-b0dNvNnAQswCLcBGAs/s1600/donkey2.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="220" height="96" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XiNMwG-pQi4/W-wF2jZguvI/AAAAAAAAByg/FcT3SD6rpjM9sQP9zVggC-b0dNvNnAQswCLcBGAs/w128-h96/donkey2.JPG" width="128" /></a><b><span style="color: #943634; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><b><span style="color: #943634; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">(2) the lowest of mankind - who have no ethical, moral principles & not even a political / economic system.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b5tTunBH2gI/W-wFIELpVlI/AAAAAAAABx0/uSe2w1YR1zEr894hMWvDYi5xt1iO5GLLACLcBGAs/s1600/Maasai_tribe.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="1024" height="95" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b5tTunBH2gI/W-wFIELpVlI/AAAAAAAABx0/uSe2w1YR1zEr894hMWvDYi5xt1iO5GLLACLcBGAs/w128-h95/Maasai_tribe.jpg" width="128" /></a><span style="color: #943634; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;"><b><span style="color: #943634; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">(3) the deluded speculators - primarily they have no idea of 'spirit soul' as the basis of</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">consciousness</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wZorez_1JwM/Xvwde_qlobI/AAAAAAAAEBI/RBq2TUMd-M0B7K_CLMBS1bPyojcEZZaxQCK4BGAsYHg/s566/sigmund-freud.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="566" height="100" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wZorez_1JwM/Xvwde_qlobI/AAAAAAAAEBI/RBq2TUMd-M0B7K_CLMBS1bPyojcEZZaxQCK4BGAsYHg/w131-h100/sigmund-freud.jpg" width="131" /></a><span style="color: #943634; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">(4) & the professed atheists - who have rejected the existence of soul / super-soul / God in principle.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2GDhePOvz2Y/XvwdqPCCmZI/AAAAAAAAEBU/76vSQ9F_M3sFWgFEvY626QnioPLZJz6ygCK4BGAsYHg/s225/mao.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="149" data-original-width="225" height="95" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2GDhePOvz2Y/XvwdqPCCmZI/AAAAAAAAEBU/76vSQ9F_M3sFWgFEvY626QnioPLZJz6ygCK4BGAsYHg/w144-h95/mao.jpg" width="144" /></a><span style="color: #943634; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></p>
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Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-74338133795348331502020-07-25T00:21:00.003+05:302023-09-17T12:56:20.739+05:30Anjaneyadri : Birthplace of Lord Hanuman<div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PKQPpVJhduk/XxssyWJ7cjI/AAAAAAAAEec/DlHRsjYgXZA4lKwzsrIsD_sq0qC9IsuQwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1275/Anjaney1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1275" data-original-width="1061" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PKQPpVJhduk/XxssyWJ7cjI/AAAAAAAAEec/DlHRsjYgXZA4lKwzsrIsD_sq0qC9IsuQwCLcBGAsYHQ/d/Anjaney1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Anjaneyadri hill in Hampi lies in the centre of Anegondi area, Karnataka state, India.</span></div><div><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">It is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman. Hanuman was born to Anjana and thus Hanuman was also called as Anjaneya, and his birthplace Anjaneyadri (Anjana's Hill).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></font></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet">Located at a distance of just 5 km from Hampi’s historical site, devotees of Hanuman consider this place as sacred. </font></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre-wrap;">The hill has a white washed Hanuman temple at the top. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre-wrap;">It has about 575 steps. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The entire white-washed structure of the Hanuman temple has a roof with a pyramid structure and a small red dome atop. Visitors can see the red flags fluttering in the air from a distance. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The idol of Lord Hanuman has been carved out of a rock. Apart from Lord Hanuman’s temple, the place also has a small shrine of Lord Rama and his wife Sita.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">The view from the top is breathtaking as you see patches of paddy fields and the Hampi city ruins around.</font></span></p></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8BP8Q7yE3pU/XxsNNLjJ5TI/AAAAAAAAEeQ/yruxzofd2aEQC5ksZjyt2ljo0pIvdaaCACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Anjaneyadri_parvat%2Bview.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8BP8Q7yE3pU/XxsNNLjJ5TI/AAAAAAAAEeQ/yruxzofd2aEQC5ksZjyt2ljo0pIvdaaCACLcBGAsYHQ/d/Anjaneyadri_parvat%2Bview.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zDEDm-2eYO8/XxsKusPsybI/AAAAAAAAEd8/EuIudWbyxg0iyK6A2kaiSvfIRg6Z5B-1QCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/Anjaneyadri%2Bhill%2Bin%2BHampi.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="680" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zDEDm-2eYO8/XxsKusPsybI/AAAAAAAAEd8/EuIudWbyxg0iyK6A2kaiSvfIRg6Z5B-1QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/Anjaneyadri%2Bhill%2Bin%2BHampi.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span face="system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #14171a; font-size: 21px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 21px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><font color="#2b00fe" face="trebuchet">And this is how it looks from top of the hill. The river is Thungabhadra. </font></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 21px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><font color="#2b00fe" face="trebuchet"><br /></font></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 21px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><font color="#2b00fe" face="trebuchet">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: start; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="color: #757575; font-size: 15px; text-align: start; white-space: normal;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span>
</font></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 21px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><font color="#2b00fe" face="trebuchet"><br /></font></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0Unnamed Road, Gorkha, Uttar Pradesh 210429, India25.3869894 79.63909799999999-5.649949565318213 44.48284799999999 56.423928365318218 114.79534799999999tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-1909328172099669222020-07-17T21:14:00.008+05:302023-09-17T12:58:22.444+05:30Indian Science Seen Through Archaeology <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#2b00fe">Archaeological findings throw light on many scientific developments of India. Presented here are a few such findings.</font></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img height="636" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CqrUAWUhmqg/XxCkAFpJEwI/AAAAAAAAESo/wI3LT426tggZyjxrENyKy6WCV73HSGVVQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h636/7.jpg" width="640" /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>1. </o:p>Wedge shaped stone blocks excavated from <span style="background-color: #f5f8fa; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dholavira </span>site
Dated: ~2600 BCE. The Wedge shaped stone blocks were most likely used in circular structure may be lining walls of well or arched gate structure. </font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iAOlLKSFEMs/XxCidPBF7mI/AAAAAAAAERs/EMHzIhAlcasHmo_pA7RM9bWQy-fi3WFLgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></font><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: #f5f8fa; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: inherit;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">2. A Terracotta fragment with fabric impression, Harappa.</font></span></p><div class="css-1dbjc4n" style="-webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; align-items: stretch; background-color: #f5f8fa; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="css-901oao r-hkyrab r-1qd0xha r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-bnwqim r-qvutc0" dir="auto" id="tweet-text" lang="en" style="border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.3125; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3125; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: inherit;">Remains of textile found at Mehrgarh dates back to 6th millenium BCE. By 4th millenium BCE India exported cotton to as far as Jordan as </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">archaeological</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: inherit;"> remains from Dhuweila (Jordan) suggest.</span></font></span></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZhHwVS9XFOE/XxCidd1Wf-I/AAAAAAAAER0/upICS1PNMckUROnlzo8r8U7vEjWUcg7LQCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/2%2Bb.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZhHwVS9XFOE/XxCidd1Wf-I/AAAAAAAAER0/upICS1PNMckUROnlzo8r8U7vEjWUcg7LQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/2%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SYgOhUjUejc/XxCidMfc9nI/AAAAAAAAERw/vy0G9JXsGTIdLxEInG3nBp8jpMZwG3hMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s500/2%2Ba.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SYgOhUjUejc/XxCidMfc9nI/AAAAAAAAERw/vy0G9JXsGTIdLxEInG3nBp8jpMZwG3hMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/2%2Ba.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZcTKAgQ61ms/Xy2fwmvoH3I/AAAAAAAAEnE/jd9NRO0wccMsdjcnlq_ZLYOe-wlsV9qZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/2%2Bc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="640" height="221" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZcTKAgQ61ms/Xy2fwmvoH3I/AAAAAAAAEnE/jd9NRO0wccMsdjcnlq_ZLYOe-wlsV9qZwCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h221/2%2Bc.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>3. </o:p>A "Sheffield of Ancient India: Chanhu-Daro's Metal Working Industry
photos of copper knives, spears , razors, axes and dishes.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> Note the fluted vase (left, second row) is one of the finest metal work of ancient India.
Published in The Illustrated London News (1936)</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qY5h3kLVfas/XxCjXmqIQKI/AAAAAAAAESI/8DvWFS8mKQ0IjG9dismL7Pk43HZDujeLwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/3%2Ba.jpg" /></font><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>4. </o:p>Stonemasonry work from Dholavira
Dated: ~3-2 millenium BCE. Note the excellently cut and polished pieces of stone forming base of pillar. Fergusson argued that stonemasonry was introduced in India by Greeks hence he dated every stone structure after ~4 century BCE (Sanchi Stupa etc).</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet">(The actual reason for European historians to place most historical things after 4th millinium BC is belief of adam and eve as first humans and who first arrived on earth ~6000 years ago. This is approved by church and they can't go against it. Everything should be after that)</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZIH3zRmKs2w/XxCjXgkIwtI/AAAAAAAAESM/S5tMkxFxPl4wh5a144vADNeFY2a6GZN9wCLcBGAsYHQ/s900/4.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="616" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZIH3zRmKs2w/XxCjXgkIwtI/AAAAAAAAESM/S5tMkxFxPl4wh5a144vADNeFY2a6GZN9wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/4.jpg" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p><br /></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>5. </o:p>Gold work from Dholavira archeological site. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Dholavira has yielded 123 thin gold foil, 116 beads, 6 rings and disc. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> Dated: 3-2nd millenium BCE. They knew controlled heating focused on small region.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xyTjBmCeg8U/XxCjmnw-EvI/AAAAAAAAESQ/J0NvaLj17dMM3EuRJmfrZz-PASdUeQrzgCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/5%2Bb.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="280" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xyTjBmCeg8U/XxCjmnw-EvI/AAAAAAAAESQ/J0NvaLj17dMM3EuRJmfrZz-PASdUeQrzgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/5%2Bb.jpg" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tnmAO93DizA/XxCjmtQePwI/AAAAAAAAESU/Z9diTB5om6Q-EghjVSx7exieYtZ1MyWHgCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/5%2Ba.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tnmAO93DizA/XxCjmtQePwI/AAAAAAAAESU/Z9diTB5om6Q-EghjVSx7exieYtZ1MyWHgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/5%2Ba.jpg" width="320" /></font></a></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>6. </o:p>Polished pillar from Harappa.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> This type of pillar is perhaps only of its kind. Wavy elements stacked one over other forms pillar.
History of polished pillars in India dates back to 3-2nd millenium BCE. Excavation at Dholavira also yielded similarly polished pillar elements.</font></p>
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<br /><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="542" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dSq0aljuZSk/XxCkAQNdGYI/AAAAAAAAESs/fYSIIYO7ufo_t935rpCeijCV-jA9yH4fQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/6.jpg" style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;" /><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>7. </o:p><span style="background-color: #f5f8fa; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: inherit;">Pillars meet in one dot !!</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: #f5f8fa;">1212 pillars meet in one dot.</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: #f5f8fa;">Build by Indian engineers 1740 yrs ago at Rameshwaram Temple.</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p></td><td style="border: 6pt ridge; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 6.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CqrUAWUhmqg/XxCkAFpJEwI/AAAAAAAAESo/wI3LT426tggZyjxrENyKy6WCV73HSGVVQCLcBGAsYHQ/s454/7.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="454" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CqrUAWUhmqg/XxCkAFpJEwI/AAAAAAAAESo/wI3LT426tggZyjxrENyKy6WCV73HSGVVQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/7.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>8. </o:p>A well lined with wedge shaped bricks from Harappa, Sindhu-Saraswati valley civilization
Dated: ~3rd millenium BCE.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Note wedge shaped bricks stabilized wall. It is very clear that ancient Indians were aware of arch action even back then which involves knowledge of trigonometry.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e-8IH5IvP2M/XxCkQM6id1I/AAAAAAAAES4/91ssbpxnXL4K2l2tH3Lj4Dwc-62ExwvWQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/8.jpg" width="320" /></font></div><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>9. </o:p>Another well lined with specially moulded trapezoidal bricks, Lothal. Ancient Indians were certainly aware of 'arch action' when external force applied. Here same principle is used. In vertical arch, gravity is perpetual external force. Wells lined with such bricks resist collapse.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kOfeSZg3rn0/XxCkQKgRMkI/AAAAAAAAES0/ZizJV6mX_BY9nB4muF0I0XbQKrRzcoZ0QCLcBGAsYHQ/s446/9.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="446" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kOfeSZg3rn0/XxCkQKgRMkI/AAAAAAAAES0/ZizJV6mX_BY9nB4muF0I0XbQKrRzcoZ0QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/9.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>10. </o:p>Model of surgery, Kaushambi
Dated: ~2nd century CE or older. The figurine shows the dissected stomach with the intestine peeping out. Probably it served as a model for the students of surgery.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="632" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X4jSgtAYTGQ/XxCkgxJEu6I/AAAAAAAAETM/U05MNOwOju4REy-5cRxi9PZGFLCSdIRwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/10.jpg" /></font><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>11. </o:p>Birdman subjugating Snake (Naga), Bronze, BMAC (Bactria - Margiana Archeological Complex)
Northern Afganistan, 2000-1500 BCE. This bronze sculpture resembles most to typical Indian Garuna-Naga theme.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Adc9p6786Tk/XxCkhEQplfI/AAAAAAAAETQ/s55xiQHJqPsIcGhCS1RjQ_1S0h4_w-5CgCLcBGAsYHQ/s672/11.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="672" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Adc9p6786Tk/XxCkhEQplfI/AAAAAAAAETQ/s55xiQHJqPsIcGhCS1RjQ_1S0h4_w-5CgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/11.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>12. </o:p>A very interesting artifact from Kaushambi dating back to 2000 BCE. Here goddess is depicted flanked by two Brahman bulls. Her hands rest on the bulls’ humps. She wears a small circular crown-like fitting atop her head. Seems early depiction of 'Prithvi'?</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DyaNLLevxwU/XxCkg7WnwXI/AAAAAAAAETI/NBtHaEDvU7AT3el3VH1L44g27HBEauc-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/12.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DyaNLLevxwU/XxCkg7WnwXI/AAAAAAAAETI/NBtHaEDvU7AT3el3VH1L44g27HBEauc-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/12.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>13. </o:p>A rare piece of ivory carving depicting 'Chandra' in his chariot with attendants. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Chariot is pulled by 4 antelopes.
Dated: ~2nd century BCE or older (From West Bengal)</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="444" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2BfjYcxXkXs/XxCk1v9CaWI/AAAAAAAAETk/iozbHFNxyjQKaI08--f9gNpXxKWJgCAdwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/13.jpg" width="320" /></font></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>14. </o:p>A crystal bowl adorned with decorative pattern carved with utmost fineness, Begram (Now in Afghanistan)
Dated: ~1st century CE
Begram is famous for ivory carvings of same time period likely imported from North India.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z10apsDCc_o/XxCk9G6Ov7I/AAAAAAAAETo/70wyJO7u5_IyUdVxTqGRtCi79BlnxngPwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/14.jpg" width="320" /></font><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">15. </font></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">a. Nandi bull carved in ivory, Bagram (Afganistan). Note the tapering columns having Kumbham (pot) as base conforming to Shilpa-Shastra(s). </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">b. Elaborately carved ivory depicting two women (probably royal).</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Note throne and ornate scrollwork.
Dated: ~2nd century CE</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XIrh7fZan-g/XxClGZpeKFI/AAAAAAAAETw/u3Q_gm6Am8kluoloZlqnKYWOXmiYiBYdACLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/15%2Ba.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="896" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XIrh7fZan-g/XxClGZpeKFI/AAAAAAAAETw/u3Q_gm6Am8kluoloZlqnKYWOXmiYiBYdACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/15%2Ba.jpg" /></a></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BggEiqF7Bzg/XxClGt1WSMI/AAAAAAAAET0/7GHg2X_7eEU0OGMZu7yaoZSEAQIjWJzQwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/15%2Bb.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="1024" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BggEiqF7Bzg/XxClGt1WSMI/AAAAAAAAET0/7GHg2X_7eEU0OGMZu7yaoZSEAQIjWJzQwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/15%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a></font></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p>16. </o:p>Fantastic musical pillars of ancient Nellaiappar Temple, Tirunelveli.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">When tapped these pillars produce the sound of classical music notes. These pillars are testimony to ancient Hindu understanding of sound and physical properties of rocks.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050818/tamil-nadu-stones-turn-melodious-musical-instruments.html">https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050818/tamil-nadu-stones-turn-melodious-musical-instruments.html</a></p>
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</tbody></table><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-size: 15px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div></font></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-44212114578488570522020-07-16T01:32:00.006+05:302023-09-17T12:59:29.154+05:30Step-Wells of India<div style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000" size="5">A collection of Stepwells of India.</font></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OkE_49C6XWc/Xw9RVYS8BkI/AAAAAAAAEP8/LXi5TzuTsZALivjgGCm97QqkEIkWIQYmACLcBGAsYHQ/s680/9.jpg" style="clear: right; display: inline; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OkE_49C6XWc/Xw9RVYS8BkI/AAAAAAAAEP8/LXi5TzuTsZALivjgGCm97QqkEIkWIQYmACLcBGAsYHQ/d/9.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 1 </o:p>Aerial photograph of Sun Temple, Modhera(Gujarat)
Patron: King Bhimadeva
Simply stunning geometrical precision! No wonder, Al-Beruni said, "Our people when they see them, wonder at them and are unable to describe them, much less to construct anything like them.”</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 2 </o:p>Amazing Kalyani (Temple tank) at Hulikere near Halebidu(Karnataka)
Dated: ~12th century CE
Note the details of aedicula. Fractal pattern is obvious. </font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 3 </o:p>Chand Baori stepwell, Abhaneri, Rajasthan
Dated: ~9th Century CE
The four sided 13 storied stepwell is over 100feet deep and lined with over 3500steps with an amazing geometrical precision. This stepwell is one of the largest stepwells, a magnificent device to store water.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 4 </o:p>A large stepwell and temples, Bundi (Rajasthan)
Anda (dome) surmounted by Kalasha forms the Shikhara of temple.
It is known as Dabhai Kund. Currently filled with dogshit and garbage. It is maintained by ASI.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 5 </o:p>Towards the western end there is a rudra kupa in which water from the river Saraswati was collected and then allowed to pass into the inlet channel of the Sahastralinga Tank. This cistern is about forty meters in diameter.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 6 </o:p>Aqueducts of Sahasra Linga Talao, Gujrat
Dated: ~11th century CE
It was functional till some point in 17th century CE. Mesmerizing combination of art and hydrolic engineering!</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 7 </o:p>Remains of pavilion and aqueducts, Sahasra Linga Talao
Near the middle of the eastern embankment are the remains of the old Siva temple, comprising the basements of the pavilions together with a colonnade of forty eight pillars; it was in good condition till 16th century.</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 8 </o:p>Panoramic view of Rani ki Vav (stepwell / temple), Gujrat
Dated: ~11th century CE
This magnificent subterranean monument was silted until its excavation in late 80s. This marvellous east facing step well measures approximately 64*20*30m³.</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 9 </o:p>Stepped pond of Sun temple, Modhera
Dated: ~11th century CE
This huge pond measures 53.6*36.6m². This pond is geometrically more complex for it utilized fractal pattern.
Note ornately carved Shikhara. Imagine the beauty of sight with exquisite temples reflected in Kunda!</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 10 </o:p>Perspective!
Surya Kunda, Sun Temple, Modhera (Gujrat)
Dated: ~11th century CE
Just note the scale of construction! Tropic of cancer pass through this temple complex.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 11 </o:p>One more from same SuryaKunda, Sun Temple, Modhera(Gujrat)
Dated: ~11th century CE
Note the scale of construction! This temple is result of perfection in geometry and astronomy. Sun rays illuminate the sanctum on the days of equinoxes.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 12 </o:p>Kalyani (Temple pond) of ancient Bhoga Nandishwara Temple, Nandi Hills, Karnataka
Note amazing symmetry!
Cloister lined with elaborate Makara Arch niche runs around this Kalyani. History of stepped ponds can be traced back to Sindhu-Saraswati valley civilization.</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 13 </o:p>Raniji ki Baodi (Queen's Stepwell), Bundi
Dated: 17th century CE
The stepwell also served as temple for miniature shrines are carved depicting Dashavatara and Trimurti. The stepwell is almost 46m in length.
Torana(s)are exquisitely carved. Bundi is home to more than 387 stepwells.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 14 </o:p>Swastika well, also known as Marpidugu Perunkinaru, was dug by King Kamban Araiyan. One inscription found in this well is in poetical form and describe the immortal life of man.
~8th century CE.
It is located behind the Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple in Thiruvellarai(Tamilnadu).</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 15 </o:p>A magnificent old stepwell from Dholpur (Rajasthan)
Stepwell is probably 3tierred and lined with magnificent corridors.
Unfortunately, it is filled with garbage and not maintained. Govt. should wake up and restore all these historical stepwells.</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 16 </o:p>Kund (stepped pond) at RamNagar fort, Varanasi.
People of all class can be seen here.
Elaborate corridors surrounds the pond in a similar manner as we see in temple ponds of South Indian Temples.
As seen by Thomas Daniell in 1790s</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 17 </o:p>A stepwell in Bundi (Rajasthan)</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 18 </o:p>An old horseshoe stepwell from Chandrashekar Puram, Prakasam(Andhra Pradesh)
Dated: ~17th century
This is the only source of drinking water in fluoride affected region.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FENhypxTTjg/Xw9TWA61_mI/AAAAAAAAEQ4/bINfR7D4EUo-ja2XT8HhCGo3Q44fXLwKgCLcBGAsYHQ/s615/18.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="615" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FENhypxTTjg/Xw9TWA61_mI/AAAAAAAAEQ4/bINfR7D4EUo-ja2XT8HhCGo3Q44fXLwKgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/18.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 19 </o:p>Amazing Perlassery temple pond, Kannur (Kerala)
Temple pond is built using finely cut laterite stone. The temple is dedicated to Subramanya. Legend has it that this is a place Rama and Lakshamana visited on their way to Lanka.</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tsHNvzEPsTA/Xw9TlOFNA7I/AAAAAAAAERA/-Xc-rvc1lk4xdiUP7O98pf2mNSQoq_qrACLcBGAsYHQ/s680/19.jpg" style="clear: right; display: inline; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tsHNvzEPsTA/Xw9TlOFNA7I/AAAAAAAAERA/-Xc-rvc1lk4xdiUP7O98pf2mNSQoq_qrACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/19.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br /></font><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 20 </o:p>Spiral steps going down to the water, Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh)
Dated: unknown probably mediaeval
The stepwell is in a delapidated state. You can see the platform likely to be used in certain rituals.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> 21 </o:p>Chand Baori stepwell, Abhaneri ,Rajasthan
Dated: ~9th Century CE
The four sided 13 storied stepwell is over 100feet deep and lined with over 3500steps with an amazing geometrical precision. This stepwell is one of the largest stepwells, a magnificent device to store water.</font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 15px; text-align: start;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div><br /><br />Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-65298555102267235882020-07-15T21:31:00.007+05:302023-09-17T13:00:00.506+05:30Ancient Indian Life Style<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><font face="trebuchet"><br /></font></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">A collection showing the life-style of ancient Indians - the hair style, clothing and fashion, generally based on sculptures.</font></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">The picture below shows the hair-style of men & women in India during Sunga Period (100-200 BC).</font></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-julJKUMmVek/Xw6211_9ycI/AAAAAAAAEOM/CdwVrDM4SgEcfPR-M2m7Nbn7sWmU3ABBwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2511/Hair%2Bstyle%2B100bc%2B%25282%2529%2B-%2BCopy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="2511" data-original-width="1252" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-julJKUMmVek/Xw6211_9ycI/AAAAAAAAEOM/CdwVrDM4SgEcfPR-M2m7Nbn7sWmU3ABBwCLcBGAsYHQ/d/Hair%2Bstyle%2B100bc%2B%25282%2529%2B-%2BCopy.jpg" /></font></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-insideh: 4.5pt thin-thick-small-gap windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 4.5pt thin-thick-small-gap windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; text-align: justify;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="text-align: center;">Discovery of these earrings provided first tangible evidence that jewelry </span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="background-color: white; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3125; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">depicted by sculptors was in fact based on real models, for a very similar pair is shown on a first century B.C relief of chakravartin from Jaggayapeta</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presently </span><a class="css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406 r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" data-focusable="true" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/metmuseum" role="link" style="border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.3125; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: inherit;">@metmuseum</a></font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><div class="css-1dbjc4n r-xoduu5" style="-webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; align-items: stretch; background-color: white; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: pre-wrap; z-index: 0;"><div><br /></div></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mL7SwBlGPXI/Xw68t6LCgXI/AAAAAAAAEOY/1WT1ypqQUzYGTy2xygWFjIs1Ey3Os-oIACLcBGAsYHQ/s240/first%2Bcentury%2BB.C%2Brelief%2Bof%2Bchakravartin%2Bfrom%2BJaggayapeta1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mL7SwBlGPXI/Xw68t6LCgXI/AAAAAAAAEOY/1WT1ypqQUzYGTy2xygWFjIs1Ey3Os-oIACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/first%2Bcentury%2BB.C%2Brelief%2Bof%2Bchakravartin%2Bfrom%2BJaggayapeta1.jpg" /></font></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YEtQMq6FZpY/Xw68xUcDl9I/AAAAAAAAEOc/PF9e0pIK6g0SlRRWp0VlQeHChdxV74QpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s240/first%2Bcentury%2BB.C%2Brelief%2Bof%2Bchakravartin%2Bfrom%2BJaggayapeta2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="219" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YEtQMq6FZpY/Xw68xUcDl9I/AAAAAAAAEOc/PF9e0pIK6g0SlRRWp0VlQeHChdxV74QpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/first%2Bcentury%2BB.C%2Brelief%2Bof%2Bchakravartin%2Bfrom%2BJaggayapeta2.jpg" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p>2nd-1st century
BC,</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Shunga period female beauty of Eastern India in </font><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">terracotta.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Presently at Ethnological Museum, Berlin.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">* Headwear?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Richly ornamented </font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Showing ear ring? <o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Long skirt is also carved<o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Seems she is wearing a Gown?<o:p></o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-npCVEHLZxMQ/Xw4DfcaocxI/AAAAAAAAEME/Xs1g4r9k2ZgSGXL-OxFRQqdqvgsF0n3TACLcBGAsYHQ/s599/Sunga-female.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="389" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-npCVEHLZxMQ/Xw4DfcaocxI/AAAAAAAAEME/Xs1g4r9k2ZgSGXL-OxFRQqdqvgsF0n3TACLcBGAsYHQ/w260-h400/Sunga-female.png" width="260" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Ear Ornaments (Prakarvapra Kundla),1st cent BC India.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin: 0px 0px 6px;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Made of 18kg Gold in 3 forms,sheet, wire & granules & lion & elephant motifs.</font></p><p style="background-color: white; margin: 6px 0px;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Old ornaments were not reused but melted down to avoid transmission of Karma hence, the pieces are rare.<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br />One cannot wear 18kgs of gold on the ear. They must have distended the earlobes and rested on the shoulders of the wearer. How they were worn is still uncertain.<br />Presently @metmuseum US.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oIUe8oUZCqc/Xw6tyL-MoBI/AAAAAAAAEN8/8mvx5sB3Pc0irXs4x0MSI3zGTMN3zW8cACLcBGAsYHQ/s679/ear-ring2.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="679" height="146" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oIUe8oUZCqc/Xw6tyL-MoBI/AAAAAAAAEN8/8mvx5sB3Pc0irXs4x0MSI3zGTMN3zW8cACLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h146/ear-ring2.png" width="200" /></font></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7h5wEVxc6_k/Xw6txxPiH3I/AAAAAAAAEN4/HFNleH8xYd4SL25IOa0rMX2CwAhAH27ewCLcBGAsYHQ/s479/ear-ring1.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="479" height="146" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7h5wEVxc6_k/Xw6txxPiH3I/AAAAAAAAEN4/HFNleH8xYd4SL25IOa0rMX2CwAhAH27ewCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h146/ear-ring1.png" width="200" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">SALABHANJIKA : From a gateway, Sanchi</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white;">Dated: ~2nd century BCE</span><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">Here she is depicted standing under a mango tree and holding a branch of tree. Mango tree is also associated with Yakshi(s).</span><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">Note very fine and 'modern' looking hairdo.</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RtbxxYsceEI/Xw4FcgaXWZI/AAAAAAAAEMQ/7XPCw9y55SYfx-rivvFPvW1FS8VuoV0rACLcBGAsYHQ/s900/217.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="670" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RtbxxYsceEI/Xw4FcgaXWZI/AAAAAAAAEMQ/7XPCw9y55SYfx-rivvFPvW1FS8VuoV0rACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/217.jpg" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Some women in the Harappan Sarasvati Civilization wore skirts.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* See the head-gear</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">The image is from National Museum, Delhi. Labeled - "Standing figure of the Mother Goddess"</span><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">C. 2700-2100 BCE</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cH_-7eT1zPU/Xw4FlVIDUeI/AAAAAAAAEMU/bZh7s-3SBKkXIN4pj8EX9diCvU3aR7RuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s900/232.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="599" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cH_-7eT1zPU/Xw4FlVIDUeI/AAAAAAAAEMU/bZh7s-3SBKkXIN4pj8EX9diCvU3aR7RuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/232.png" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p>Gupta Period Sculpture:</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white;">“Churidar Pajama” <br />millenniums before Mughals / Islam touched our land.</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-20z1en3x7Yo/Xw4F35DOwnI/AAAAAAAAEMw/gohg2MNJk3oqU1jQN8RfCO-0uqYwCfxNQCLcBGAsYHQ/s548/246.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-20z1en3x7Yo/Xw4F35DOwnI/AAAAAAAAEMw/gohg2MNJk3oqU1jQN8RfCO-0uqYwCfxNQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/246.png" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">A woman applying KAJAL to her eyes!</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white;">Khajuraho temple.</span><br style="background-color: white;" /><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">Also, don't miss the woman in minor figurine. She is carrying a PURSE!</span><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">Kajal & purse have been around in India for thousands of years.</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CbM-gesKghg/Xw4GoFq39XI/AAAAAAAAENc/jyN3uEwEyjYIbiS2xPRUqho9qJCVtx8AwCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/292.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="510" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CbM-gesKghg/Xw4GoFq39XI/AAAAAAAAENc/jyN3uEwEyjYIbiS2xPRUqho9qJCVtx8AwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/292.png" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p>A great heritage.</font></p><span class="hasCaption"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Beautiful terracotta Shunga period. 1st C-BCE<br />Seems to be a royal lady adorning ornaments decorated headwear. But even Nagar-wadhu were highly decorated? Presently at metmuseum US.</font></span></td><td style="border: 4.5pt double; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DkT4k-GmWf0/Xw4GHylFtzI/AAAAAAAAENE/P9XSbHzUwc0CAsa2QQlA2mWrqq6rFYx3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s791/260.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="534" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DkT4k-GmWf0/Xw4GHylFtzI/AAAAAAAAENE/P9XSbHzUwc0CAsa2QQlA2mWrqq6rFYx3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/260.png" /></font></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p>Humor in sculpture.</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white;">"Beware, don't get a bulge".</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r5Qpis7SsPc/Xw4Gnw9TFGI/AAAAAAAAENY/AiDqG76sA9wQqiktFXjK3KC-ClWqAQ71wCLcBGAsYHQ/s360/293.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="262" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r5Qpis7SsPc/Xw4Gnw9TFGI/AAAAAAAAENY/AiDqG76sA9wQqiktFXjK3KC-ClWqAQ71wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/293.jpg" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p>Woman writing letter.</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white;">10th Century A.D ( 1000 Years Old )</span><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;">Chandela Dynasty, Khajuraho</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8MHyo9wEr10/Xw4GRH0ag_I/AAAAAAAAENM/X2m8ga9DRTQTc0kb22UcZ7AvNEetwMo3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/282.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="510" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8MHyo9wEr10/Xw4GRH0ag_I/AAAAAAAAENM/X2m8ga9DRTQTc0kb22UcZ7AvNEetwMo3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/282.png" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p>Extremely detailed anklets at Chennakeshava Temple in Karnataka.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F-GymVRe2Bo/Xw4FlXHpfiI/AAAAAAAAEMY/eJCJBVIEYFkN19Gm7R2R6MEk6Ja-B3oSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/233.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F-GymVRe2Bo/Xw4FlXHpfiI/AAAAAAAAEMY/eJCJBVIEYFkN19Gm7R2R6MEk6Ja-B3oSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/233.png" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">The Kakatiya Ramappa Temple (1213 CE) in Telangana has statues with high heels.</font></p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="background-color: white;">But, some say they are platform पादुका or खडाऊं that both men and women wore all over India.</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i8MrSom34Ag/Xw4FsMaMtjI/AAAAAAAAEMg/200LRl065yECsE0FCCWtuSxNO-KeWEqNACLcBGAsYHQ/s590/237.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="590" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i8MrSom34Ag/Xw4FsMaMtjI/AAAAAAAAEMg/200LRl065yECsE0FCCWtuSxNO-KeWEqNACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/237.png" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="text-align: center;">One of the paintings in Ajanta Caves shows men wearing socks - Blue & White.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><o:p> </o:p><img alt="No photo description available." height="320" src="https://scontent.fdel3-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/p960x960/54428393_307110639972035_606944115183058944_o.jpg?_nc_cat=103&_nc_sid=8024bb&_nc_ohc=1I2omHMH_hMAX-NMo6d&_nc_ht=scontent.fdel3-1.fna&_nc_tp=6&oh=e8ecafa8e6bd9ba4a5a3537b890e5036&oe=5F32A5F6" style="text-align: center;" width="320" /></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="text-align: center;">Female figurine with hair tied in a large beehive shaped bun, Bhubaneswar (Odisha) </span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"><span style="text-align: center;">Eastern Ganga period
Note Kundala and other jewellery.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"> </font></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJP1w2Vj928/Xw8B3AZksmI/AAAAAAAAEOs/Dj6_-EyCWKYtBHKa4dxIEdzwjDV_sEO0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s680/Eastern%2BGanga%2Bperiod.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="680" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJP1w2Vj928/Xw8B3AZksmI/AAAAAAAAEOs/Dj6_-EyCWKYtBHKa4dxIEdzwjDV_sEO0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Eastern%2BGanga%2Bperiod.jpg" width="320" /></a><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5"></font></div><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">Mithuna couple from Chandraketu Garh Dated:~1st cent. BCE or older. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">It shows the following details.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Hair-do</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Headgear</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Kundal</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Footwear</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#ff0000" face="trebuchet" size="5">* Ornaments</font></p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-4qtqp9 r-ip8ujx r-sjv1od r-zw8f10 r-bnwqim r-h9hxbl" dir="auto" face="system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; color: #14171a; display: inline-block; font-size: 23px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: 1em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0.075em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 1.2em;"><div aria-label="Right pointing backhand index" class="r-xoduu5 r-1mlwlqe r-1d2f490 r-1udh08x r-u8s1d r-h9hxbl r-417010 css-1dbjc4n" style="-webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; align-items: stretch; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; height: 1.2em; left: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1.2em; z-index: 0;" title="Right pointing backhand index"><img alt="Right pointing backhand index" class="css-9pa8cd" draggable="false" src="https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f449.svg" style="bottom: 0px; height: 27.5938px; inset: 0px; left: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 27.5938px; z-index: -1;" /></div></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" face="system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; color: #14171a; display: inline; font-size: 23px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3125; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Right pointing backhand index" class="css-9pa8cd" draggable="false" src="https://abs-0.twimg.com/emoji/v2/svg/1f449.svg" style="bottom: 0px; height: 27.5938px; inset: 0px; left: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 27.5938px; z-index: -1;" /></span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" face="system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; color: #14171a; display: inline; font-size: 23px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3125; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UY750WB0Dw0/XxByoGNSrsI/AAAAAAAAERg/XmxmXhtIsLYnnQ0sP0lQz1LioZA2sD6EACLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/ChandraketuGarh%2B1stcent%2BBCE.jpg" style="clear: right; display: inline; float: right; font-size: x-large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="718" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UY750WB0Dw0/XxByoGNSrsI/AAAAAAAAERg/XmxmXhtIsLYnnQ0sP0lQz1LioZA2sD6EACLcBGAsYHQ/w224-h320/ChandraketuGarh%2B1stcent%2BBCE.jpg" width="224" /></a><o:p><font color="#ff0000" size="5"> </font></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><o:p><b>You May Like :<span style="color: red;"> </span></b></o:p><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/2020/08/ancient-indian-hair-styles.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><b>Ancient Indian Hair-Styles</b></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; 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color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p></span></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8851805733518500964.post-21238835311317731272020-07-12T01:09:00.004+05:302023-09-17T13:01:01.335+05:30 Catapults : The Earliest Use<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1Di8cjqzp3E/X8ZcM62ZNeI/AAAAAAAAFOs/V2SwtKGVrqwyhsv3l5JX9KqR_tpLBWLdACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="font-size: 18.6667px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="422" height="482" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1Di8cjqzp3E/X8ZcM62ZNeI/AAAAAAAAFOs/V2SwtKGVrqwyhsv3l5JX9KqR_tpLBWLdACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h482/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">War machine catapult was first</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.6667px;"> used by </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">Ajatashatru of Magadha in his war against
the Licchavis. Ajatshatru is recorded in Jaina texts as having used catapults
in his campaign against the Licchavis. (484–468 BCE)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The
early <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>catapults in ancient China date to
the 4th century BC with the advent of the mangonel, a type of traction
trebuchet and catapult.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Greek
catapults were invented in the early 4th century BC, being attested by Diodorus
Siculus as part of the equipment of a Greek army in 399 BC, and subsequently
used at the siege of Motya in 397 BC.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"><font color="#4285f4"><u>CATAPULTS</u></font></span></b></span></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-heJpC5W3WxA/XwoO_2N7sDI/AAAAAAAAEL0/vw-AGpJsNggeAEAbHiufD9IVeBYEs0phgCLcBGAsYHQ/s450/Basic%2BCatapult.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="450" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-heJpC5W3WxA/XwoO_2N7sDI/AAAAAAAAEL0/vw-AGpJsNggeAEAbHiufD9IVeBYEs0phgCLcBGAsYHQ/d/Basic%2BCatapult.png" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#4285f4">A
catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance
without the aid of gunpowder or other propellants – particularly various types
of ancient and medieval siege engines. A
catapult uses the sudden release of stored potential energy to propel its
payload. Most convert tension or torsion energy that was more slowly and
manually built up within the device before release, via springs, bows, twisted
rope, elastic, or any of numerous other materials and mechanisms. The
counterweight trebuchet is a type of catapult that uses gravity.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#4285f4">In
use since ancient times, the catapult has proven to be one of the most persistently
effective mechanisms in warfare. In modern times the term can apply to devices
ranging from a simple hand-held implement (also called a "slingshot")
to a mechanism for launching aircraft from a ship.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#4285f4"></font></span></p><br /><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><font color="#4285f4"><br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-17bnNhUBBUo/XwoO6b1VtEI/AAAAAAAAELw/EpbUhhCuAhQ3L0Do2Pfhxfs5R-iev4LfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/catapult-Ajatshatru-magadh.jpg" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="1024" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-17bnNhUBBUo/XwoO6b1VtEI/AAAAAAAAELw/EpbUhhCuAhQ3L0Do2Pfhxfs5R-iev4LfwCLcBGAsYHQ/d/catapult-Ajatshatru-magadh.jpg" /></a><br /></font></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: red; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" style="color: yellow; font-size: 8pt;">Reference:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: yellow; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Catapult<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" style="color: yellow; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Military_history_of_India<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Subjects</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(198, 217, 241); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Spirituality" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Spirituality</span></b></a> <a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagvad%20Gita" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagvad Gita</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Bhagwad%20Puran" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Bhagwad Puran</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Buddhism" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Buddhism</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Krishna" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Krishna</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Guru" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Guru</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/First%20%26%20Earliest" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">First & Earliest</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Influence%20of%20Culture" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Influence of Culture</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Knowledge" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Knowledge</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/History" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">History</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(234, 241, 221); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Past%20Glories" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Past Glories</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Unique%20India" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Unique India</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #757575; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 15px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(229, 223, 236); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Chanakya" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; text-decoration: none;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Chanakya</span></b></a><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></b><a href="https://www.vishwaguruindia.org/search/label/Video" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="border: 1pt solid rgb(247, 203, 77); color: #b51200; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; padding: 2pt;">Video</span></b></a></p><p></p></div>Rajeev Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00933840340413841749noreply@blogger.com0